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第五章框架及构式Chapter5FrameandConstructionsContents5.1FrameandScripts框架与脚本5.2Event-frameandthewindowingofattention事件框架和开启注意力视窗5.3Language-specificframinganditsuseinnarrativetexts特定语言框架及其在叙述文本中的使用5.4ConstructionGrammar构式语法5.1FrameandScriptsThenotionofframewasintroducedintolinguisticsbyCharlesFillmoreinthemiddleofthe1970sbasedonhisbynowclassicexample,thecommercialeventframe.框架这一概念由CharlesFillmore于20世纪70年代中期引入的语言学，它的基础是“商务事件”框架。AnexampleofBUYADTheFrameofBUYMaryboughtsomebooksfromJohnfor500dollors.somebooksB(goods)A(buyer)MaryC(money)500dollorsD(seller)JohnFrameandperspectiveTheassignmentofsyntacticrolesisgovernedbythechoiceoftheverbbuy,whichisthesyntacticperspective.Thenotionofperspectivereliesontheprincipleofprominence,thatisonfigure/groundsegregation.The[BUY]frameisnotjustausefultoolforthesyntacticdescriptionoftheverbbuy,butitcanalsobeappliedtotheverbssell,chargeandpay.Thedifferenceofthefourverbsissimplyachangeofperspectivewithinthesameframe.(1)DavidboughtanoldshirtfromJohnfortenpounds.(2)JohnsoldanoldshirttoDavidfortenpounds.(3)JohnchargedDavidtenpoundsforanoldshirt.(4)DavidpaidtenpoundstoJohnforanoldshirt.ThetwoverbsbuyandpaydescribethecomercialeventfromtheBUYER'sperspective,whilesellandchargeperspectivizethesituationfromtheSELLER'spointofview.FrameandperspectiveThisisafirstsignthattheframeapproachgoesbeyondthefigureandgroundapproachinthatitpaysmoreattentiontothelessprominentpartsofsentenceslikeadverbials.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsthenotionofframeanysystemoflinguisticchoicescollectionsofwordschoicesofgrammaticalrulesorlinguisticcategriesStartingoutfromthislinguisticposition,theconceptionoftheframenotionhasshiftedtowardsacognitiveinterpretation.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsEverysentenceevokesacertaincognitiveperspectiveonasituationbythechoiceoftheverbandtheparticularsyntacticpatternthatitgoverns.Thebasisforperspectiveismainlyprovidedbythecognitiveabilityofdirectingone'sattention.Thesimilaritiesbetweentwoapproaches:thefigureandgroundapproach&theframeandattentionapproachTheframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptstheprofilingofparticipantsinaninteractivenetworkassyntacticfigureandgroundthenotionofperspectivizingtwoelementsofaframeassubjectandobject≈TheyrelyonFillmore'searlyCaseGrammer,andsharethebeliefthatclausepatternscannotbeseeninisolationbutagainsttheircognitivebackgroundTheframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsThedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproaches:(1)Researchesworkingintheframeparadigmareinterestedinproblemsrelatedtothemeaningoftheverbsthatbelongtoaframe.(2)Theframeapproachpresentsaunifiedviewofsyntacticpatterns,(3)thefigureandgroundapproachmainlyemphasizesthetwoprominententitiesonthelevelofclauseinthesyntacticfigureandthesyntacticground;however,theframehassomethingtosayaboutlinguisticitemsthatattractonlyasmallportionofourattentionpotential.Examples:5.Davidspenttenpoundsonanoldshirt.6.TheoldshirtcostDavidtenpounds.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsFramescanbeconceivedasawayofdescribingthecognitivecontextwhichprovidesthebackgroundforandisassociatedwithcognitivecategories.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsFramesarejustoneofvarietyofcognitivemodelswhichalsoincludethe'scenarios',domainsandinteractivenetworksandthe'scrips'.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneTherelevenceofframesextendsovertheboundariesofsinglesentencestomuchlargerlinguisticandcongnitiveunits.Thefollowinglittlestory:SuecaughtaplanefromLondontoMadrid.Aftershehadfoundherseatshecheckedwhetherthelifevestwasbeneathit,butshecouldnotfindit.Sosheaskedtheflightattendanttofindoneforher.Attention:thetwooccurrencesofthedefinitearticlethe.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneQuestion:Whysothetwousesofthedefinitearticlesoundcompletelynautral,althoughtheycannotbeexplainedwiththerulesofgrammaralone?Explaination:Weneedtomakeinferencesthatarebasedonourworldknowledgetounderstandthedefinitereferences.Cognitivecategoriesactbothasanchorsandastriggersforframes.Frameisintheformatofcategoriesandtheirinterrelationsthatframesaredesignedanditisbythesamecategoriesthattheyareactivated.Categoriesistoprovide“defaultassignments”bysupplyingcontext-dependentprototypes.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneAlltheseexpectationsthatarebasedonourexperienceandstoredinourlong-termmemoryarepartoftheframe-systemandinfluenceourabilitytoproduceandunderstandthelanguagerelatedtoit.所有这些基于我们的经验并储存在长期记忆中的预期都是框架系统的组成部分，并且影响我们产生和理解与之有关的语言的能力。Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneFromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneThe[FLYINGONAPLANE]framehassofarbeenpresentedasifitwereamotleycollectionofcategories.Aflightexhibitsaverypredictabletemporalstructureinwhichonestageisoftenaprerequisiteforthenextstage.Viewingtheflightfromsuchasequentialperspective,wegobeyondsimpleframesandmoveintothescripts,i.e.knowledgestructuresthatareparticularlydesignedforfrequentlyrecurringeventsequences.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneTherestaurantscriptTheRESTAURANTscriptasdevelopedbythecomputerscientistRogerSchankandthesocialpsychologist