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Absoluteconstruction独立结构1.独立结构的实质和类型2.“独立结构”的用法3.“独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义4.不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”之间的区别5.无动词“独立结构”的常见类型6.Exercise1．独立结构的实质和类型所谓“独立结构”（AbsoluteConstruction）实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。其实，所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分词。•“独立结构”按其结构形式，分为•不定式“独立结构”，•-ing分词“独立结构”，•-ed分词“独立结构”•和无动词“独立结构”，•通常在句中起状语分句的作用。Examples•Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.•许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。•（sometohold…和otherstoadjust…为不定式独立结构）•Therebeingnothingelsetodo,weleft.•由于没有其它事情可做，我们离开了。•（Therebeing…为-ing分词独立结构）•Shegazed,herhandsclaspedtoherbreast.•她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。•（herhandsclasped…为-ed分词独立结构）•Hewentoff,guninhand.•他手里拿着枪离开了。•（guninhand为无动词独立结构）•Thefloorwetandslippery,westayedoutside.•由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。•（Thefloorwet…为无动词“独立结构”）2．“独立结构”的用法•1)由上述诸例可以看出，“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开,但也有用破折号的。•Theroomwasinchaos---dirtyclothesstrewn散落于,点缀onthefloor,cosmeticsscatteredoverthedresser,emptybottlesandcanseverywhere.•房间一片混乱，脏衣服扔在地板上，化装品散乱在梳妆台上，到处都是空的瓶。•2)在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如：•Themanagersatquietlyintheoffice,(his)eyesclosed.•经理静静地坐在办公室里，双目紧闭。•3)“独立结构”的位置是比较灵活的，它可位于句首，句中或句尾。例如：•Theirroomwasonthethirdfloor,itswindowoverlookingthesportsground.他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。•Heguidingher,theystumbledthroughthestreet.•他引着他，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。•He,Godwilling,wouldbeinthevillagebeforethesecondnextmonth.•他，如果情况允许，将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。•4)如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”，通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。例如：•Theprofessorwasslammedagainstthewall,hisbodyfrisked,hiswristshandcuffed,hisdignitylost.•教授被猛推倒墙上，被搜了身，手被拷着，尊严尽失。3.“独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义。1)表示时间：•Hishomeworkdone,Jimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.=Afterhishomeworkwasdone,Jimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.•家庭作业完成之后，杰姆决定去看戏。•Themealover,webegantoworkagain.=Whenthemealwasover,webegantoworkagain.•吃完饭，我们又开始干活。表示原因：•Thelastbusgivinggone,wehadtowalkhome.=Becausethelastbushadgone,wehadtowalkhome.?•由于末班车已开走，我们只得步行回家。•Hershirtcaughtonanail,shecouldnotmove.=Ashershirtwascaughtonanail,shecouldnotmove.•由于裙子被钉子钩住，她不能移动。2)表示条件：•Whetherpermitting,thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday.=Ifweatherpermits,thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday.•假如天气允许的话，足球赛将在星期三举行。3)表示方式和伴随状况：•Heputonhissockswrongsideout.•他穿上袜子，反面朝上。•Thechildrenwerewatchingtheacrobaticshow,theireye(being)wideopen.•孩子们在看杂技表演，眼睛睁得很大。4）With+独立结构•在上述诸例中，“独立结构”均可变为由with引导的介词词组，即在“独立结构”前可用介词with。介词with在此没有什么意义，只是比较口语化。例如：•Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.•他们坐在房间里，窗帘拉下来。•Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade.•树长高了，我们得到更多的阴凉。•Hecameintotheclassroomwithabookinhishand.•他手里拿着一本书走进教室。4．不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”之间的区别。不定式“独立结构”表示即将发生的动作。•Weshallassembleattenforty-five,theprocessiontostartmovingatpreciselyeleven.•我们将在十点四十五分集合，队伍整十一点开始游行。•Theplanwasthatthetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciple,thedetailstobeworkedputlater.•计划是双方应先就基本原则达成协议，细节问题以后拟订。-ing分词“独立结构”表示正在进行的动作，且主语与-ing分词之间为主动关系。•Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.•我们加倍努力，每一个人就像干两个人的活。-ed分词“独立结构”表示已发生的动作，主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系。•Thisdone,wewenthome.•做完此事，我们就回去。•Alloursavinggone,westartedlookingforjobs.•积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。5.无动词“独立结构”的常见类型：•（1）名词+介词短语•（2）名词+adj.或adv.•例如：Hesatatthetable,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition,readytobeginthelongletter.6.Exercise将下列每组句子连接成一句，至少使用一个独立结构•1.smilingradiantly,shestoodbackandlookedathim•a.Shestoodbackandlookedathim.•b.Herfacesmiledradiantly.•2.Havingfinishedhisexam,poterstumbledwearilyfromtheroom.•a.Hisexamwasfinished.•b.Porterstumbledwearilyfromtheroom.•3.Spinerundownbycoldshivers,HenryAdamsranfromtheroom.•a.HenryAdamsranfromtheroom.•b.Coldshiversrandownhisspine.•4.Therebeingnobodysayinganymore,themeetingwasclosed.•a.Themeetingwasclosed.•b.Nobodyhadanymoretosay.•5.Therebeingnowayformetocross,Iwalkupstreamonthesouthside.•a.Therewasnowayformetocross.•b.Iwalkedupstreamonthesouthside.•6.MariesatontheedgeoffrailwoodenchairinIrby’ssuite,champagneglassinhand,tearsinhereyes.•a.MariesatontheedgeoffrailwoodenchairinIrby’ssuite.•b.Thechampagneglasswasinherhand.•c.Hertearswereinhereyes.•7.Allthemoneyspent,Jackstartedlookingforwork.•a.Allthemoneyhadbeenspent.•b.Jackstartedlookingforwork.•8.Thechairmanabandonedtheattempttotakeavote,leavingthewholemeetinginuproar.•a.Thewholemeetingwasinuproar.•b.Thechairmanabandonedtheattempttotakeavote.•9.Mytaskcompleted,Iwenttobed.•a.Mytaskwascompleted.•b.Iwenttobed.•10.Infrontofhimstoodaman,guninhand.•a.Infrontofhimstoodaman.•b.Themanheldaguninhishand.•11.Walkingintotheroom,IsawGrandpasittingatthedesk,newspaperspreadbeforehim.•a.Walkingintotheroom,IsawGrandpa.•b.Hewassittingatthedesk.•c.Hisnewspaperwasspreadbeforehim.•12.•a.Theprisonerstoodquietlyonthewoodenplatform.•b.Asmallcottonbagwasputoverhisface.•c.Hishandsweretiedbehindhisback.•d.Anoosewasfixedsecurelyabouthisneck.