语言学phonology音韵学

Chapter2phonologyImportantarticulators发音器官Articulators,alsocalledspeechorgans,refertothosepartsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeechsound.1Thelungs：肺2thevocalcords声带3Theresonatingcavities(共鸣腔)Theresonatingcavitiesiswheretheairstreamcomingfromthelungsismodifiedinvariousways,resultingintheproductionofvarioussounds.Threeresonatingcavitiesareidentified.YouareexpectedtolookatthediagramonPage27inourtextbook.ImportantarticulatorsTheoralcavity(口腔):themouthItcontainsthelips,teeth,teeth(alveolar)ridge(齿龈/槽)tipoftongue,bladeoftongue,frontoftongue,backoftongue,hardpalate,softpalate(velum),uvula,epiglottis(会厌软骨).Thenasalcavity(鼻腔):thenoseNasalresonance(共鸣)canbeproducedduetotheloweringthesoftpalate(velum),resultingtheproductionofnasals.Thepharyngealcavity/pharynx(咽腔):betweenthetopofthelarynx(喉)andthesoftpalate)Thethroat(larynx)containsvocalcords/folds,ventricularfolds（膨胀带）andglottis(theopeningbetweenthevocalcords),themovementofwhichdeterminesthequalityofvoicing(voiced&voiceless(浊/清音)andpitch(音高).TheoralcavityThegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundintheoralcavity.Thespeechorganslocatedinthiscavityare:thelips,theteeth,theteethridge（齿龈）(thealveolus),thetongue,thehardpalate（硬腭）,thesoftpalate(thevelum)（软腭）andtheuvula小舌.ImportantarticulatorsImportantarticulators:p27Phonetictranscription(The)IPA国际音标IPAistheabbreviatedformoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation（国际语音学协会）ortheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（国际音标）.InternationalPhoneticAssociationisanorganizationfoundedin1886byagroupofEuropeanphoneticianstopromotethestudyofphonetics.In1888,itpublishedthefirstversionofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,which,inmodifiedandexpandedform,istodaythemostwidelyusedsystemfortranscribingthesoundsofalanguage.BilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarglottalStopsVLptkVDbdgFricativesVLfϑs∫hVDvðzʒaffricatesVLt∫VDdʒNasalsVDmnŋLiquidsVDl.rglidesVDwj1.voicedpalatalaffricate2.voicelesslabiodentalfricative3.voicedalveolarstop/gpbd//fpmϑvb//zvsdg//tzdns//mnbŋ//gkbdpvt//p/voiceless/m/nasal/s/voiceless/n/nasal/v/fricative/b/oral/dʒ//d//f/FrontCentralBackcloseSemi-closeSemi-openopeni:ieə:əæu:uɔ:ɔα:ΛPhonologyPhoneticsandphonologyBothphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage,thespeechsounds.Buttheyapproachthesubjectfromtwodifferentpointsofview.Phoneticsstudiestheproductionandcharacteristicsofallpossiblespeechsounds,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Itisgeneral,descriptiveandclassificatory.Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystemsoflanguages,whichisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Itstudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.TermsinphonologicalanalysisPhonesPhonemesAllophonesPhonemiccontrastMinimalpairsandminimalsetsComplementarydistributionDistinctivefeatures(binaryfeatures)Phone,phonemeandallophone（音素、音位、音位变体）P371Phone（音素）Phoneisatermusedtorefertothesmallestperceptiblediscrete（不连续的）segmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishwordsfromeachother.Forexample,whilethephones[i:]and[i]doasin[bi:t]and[bit],[ph]and[p=]obviouslydon’tasin[sphit]and[sp=it].Conventionally,phonesareplacedwithinsquarebrackets,suchas[p][t][l],etc.2.Phoneme(音位)p37Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit,whichistheminimalunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage,accordingtotraditionalphonologicaltheories;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue,i.e.itcandistinguishwords..Substitutingonephonemeforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.Aphonemeisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Forexample,thephoneme/p/isrepresenteddifferentlyin[phit]and[sp=it].Thenotionofthephonemeallowedlinguiststogrouptogethersetsofphoneticallysimilarphonesasvariantsormembersofthesameunderlyingunit.(Tofollowtheconvention,squarebracketsareusedtoindicatephones,andobliquesphonemes.suchas/t/,/p/,/l/.)Phone,phonemeandallophone3.Allophones（音位变体)Thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeincertainphoneticcontextarecalleditsallophones.Whenwehaveasetofphones,allofwhicharevariantsofonephoneme,werefertothemastheallophonesofthatphoneme.Sothephones[ph]and[p=]aretheallophonesofthesamephoneme/p/.Thephenomenonofvariationinthepronunciationofphonemesindifferentpositionsiscalledallophonyorallophonicvariation.Phones,phonemesandallophonesphoneme(abstractunit)meaningdistinguishingallophones(concreteunit,realizationofthephoneme/p/)variantstothesamebasicentityPhones(concreteunit)notnecessarilyMeaning-distinguishing………/p/Peak,tip[ph]Spit,speak[p=]/l/Leap[l]Peel[l’]Minimalpair,phonemiccontrast,andcomplementarydistribution1Minimalpair(最小对立体)p38Whentwodifferentwordsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtohaveformedaminimalpair,likepill-bill,pill-till,andkill-bill.Allthewordsthatareidenticalinformexceptforonesoundsegmentoccurringinthesameplaceinth