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1I.Explainthefollowingliteraryterms(名词解释).1.RomanticismThemostprofoundandcomprehensiveideaofromanticismisthevisionofagreaterpersonalfreedomfortheindividual.Appealstoimagination;Stressonemotionratherthanreason;optimism,geniality.Subjectivity:informandmeaning.2AmericantranscendentalismAmericantranscendentalismwasanimportantmovementinphilosophyandliteraturethatflourishedduringtheearlytomiddleyearsofthenineteenthcentury(about1836-1860).Forthetranscendentalists,thesoulofeachindividualisidenticalwiththesouloftheworldandcontainswhattheworldcontains.3Realism:“nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.”theCivilwara.verisimilitudeofdetailsderivedfromobservationb.representativeinplot,settingandcharacterc.anobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumanexperienceor（AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.）4.Modernismlikemodernismingeneralisatrendofthoughtthataffirmsthepowerofhumanbeingstocreate,improve,andreshapetheirenvironment,withtheaidofscientificknowledge,technologyandpracticalexperimentation,andisthusinitsessencebothprogressiveandoptimistic.Thegeneraltermcoversmanypolitical,culturalandartisticmovementsrootedinthechangesinWesternsocietyattheendofthenineteenthandbeginningofthetwentiethcentury.AmericanmodernismisanartisticandculturalmovementintheUnitedStatesstartingattheturnofthe20thcenturywithitscoreperiodbetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarIIandcontinuingintothe21stcentury.5、AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.6、Transcendentalism:InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetofauthorsbasedinConcord,MassachusettsandwasledbyRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18thcenturyrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthetranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Theyfoundtheirchiefsourceofinspirationinnature.Emerson’sessayNaturewasthemajordocumentofthetranscendentalschoolandstatedtheideasthatweretoremaincentraltoit.7、Freeverse:freeverseistherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.FreeversewasfirstwrittenandlabeledbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.2Theirpurposewastodeliverpoetryfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecreatethefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.WaltWhitmanwastheprecursorwhowrotelinesofvaryinglengthandcadence,usuallynotrhymed.Theemotionalcontentormeaningoftheworkwasexpressedthroughitsrhythm.FreeversehasbeencharacteristicoftheworkofmanymodernAmericanpoets,includingEzraPoundandCarlSandburg.8、Naturalism:Amoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,storiesandplays,usuallyinvolvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Naturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Itdevelopedonthebasisofrealismbutwentastepfurtherthanitinportrayingsocialreality.9、LostGeneration:AlsotermedtheSadYoungMen,whichwascreatedbyF.S.FitzgeraldinhisbookAlltheSadYoungMen.Thetermingeneralreferstothepost-WorldWarIgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofUSwriterswhocameofageduringthewarandestablishedtheirreputationinthe1920s.ItstemsfromaremarkmadebyGertrudeSteintoErnestHemingway,“Youareallalostgeneration.”HemingwayuseditasanepigraphtoTheSunAlsoRises,anovelthatcapturestheattitudesofahard-drinking,fastlivingsetofdisillusionedyoungexpatriatesinpostwarParis.Thegenerationwas“lost”inthesensethatitsinheritedvalueswerenolongerrelevantinthepostwarworldandbecauseofitsspiritualalienationfromUS,theyseemedhopelesslyprovincial,materialistic,andemotionallybarren.ThetermembracesHemingway,Fitzgerald,DosPassos,E.E.Cummingsandsoon.10、Internationaltheme：ThemeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontrastwithEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefore.ThetypicalpatternoftheconflictbetweenthetwoculturescouldbethatofayoungAmericanmanorgirlwhogoestoEuropeandaffrontshisorherdestiny.MarriageandloveareusedbyJamesasthefocalpointoftheconfrontationbetweenthetwovalueSystems,andthep