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大学英语四级语法精要1大学英语四级语法精要一、动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等)（一）时态1、主动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shalldoshould/woulddo进行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing/完成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气完成进行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoing//2、被动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般was/weregivenam/is/aregivenWill/shallbegivenshould/wouldbegiven进行was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//完成was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//完成进行////·CET-4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。·时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成3、现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.大学英语四级语法精要2·I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.4、过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作·Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.5、将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.·Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.6、将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事.·Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.（二）语态1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:·Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.·能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的有：assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等。·Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.2、担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。大学英语四级语法精要3·Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态1）双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。·Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.2）宾补结构的被动语态:·ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.4、短语动词1）Vi.+adv.：Theplanetookofftwohourslate.2）Vi.+prep.：TheylookedroundtheCathedral.3）Vi.+prep.(有被动语态)：She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.4）Vi.+adv.+prep.：Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.5）Vt.+O+adv.：Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.6）Vt.+adv.+O(无被动语态)：Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.大学英语四级语法精要47）Vt.+O+prep.：WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.（三）省略1、在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.1）Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.2）IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.2、在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.1）Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.2）Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.大学英语四级语法精要5Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.3、错误的省略1）HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.2）Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.（四）一致1、主谓一致（与插入语无关）1）主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。2）定语从句中的主谓一致3）随前一致：n.+togetherwith；aswellas；including；alongwith；with/of；accompaniedwith/by4）就近原则5）如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。·Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourcountry.·Theheadmasterandmathematicalteacheriscoming.·Theheadmasterandthemathematicalteacherarecoming.·类似的还有：lawandorder；breadand；butterblackandwhite；Toloveandtobelovedis…；Alawyerandateacherare…；Alawyerandteacheris…6）随后原则：notAbutB/notonlyAbutalsoB+v.(与B一致)7）百分比结构：most，half，rest，some，majority，one+persent；of+n1+v.（由n1决定）8）倒装结构的主谓一致：·Therebe+n由名词决定动词大学英语四级语法精要6·Among,between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：Among/Between…+系动词+n.（由名词决定动词）9）The+adj.的主谓一致：·当表示“一类人”·当表示某一抽象概念时。例：Thegoodisalwaysattractive.10）Todo/doing/主从+vs.例：Morethanone+n.；manya+n.；adayortwo2、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.·Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.3、代词作主语时一致1）each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,作单数看待.·Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephone.2）some,few,both,many等作复数3）some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一。none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:大学英语四级语法精要7·Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.4）all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(allofthe…,mostofthe…),动词用单数.4、由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.1）Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.2）如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.·Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.5、people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.1）Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.Thepolicearelookingforhim.大学英语四级语法精要82）有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.·Hisfamilyisn’