Negotiationskills谈判技巧Whatisnegotiation?Negotiationisdefinedastheabilitytocollaboratewithanotherpartyinordertoconcludeanagreementtothemutualbenefit.Negotiationisalsoaprocessinwhichtwoormorepeopleororganizationswithcommonorconflictinginterestsworktowardsawayofresolvinganissueoragreesonhowtheywillcooperate.•Theremustbebothcommoninterestsandissuesofconflict.Withoutcommonintereststhereisnothingtonegotiatefor,withoutconflictingissuesthereisnothingtonegotiateabout.TheNegotiationProcess:FourStagesTheFourStages:•Stage1:Preparation(准备)•Stage2:OpeningStatements(开局说辞)•Stage3:Bargaining(磋商)•Stage4:Settlement(签约)OpeningStatementsBargainingPreparationSettlementHowtoDetermineYourBATNA!(Answerthefollowingquestions)•Howimportantisyourlong-termrelationshipwiththeotherparty?Canyouassignadollarvaluetoit?Doesitoverrideotherfactors?•CanyouimproveyourBATNAbyseekingnewalternativestonoagreement?Stage1:Preparation•1.DecideyourBATNA-alwaysstartwithaclearlydefinedBATNAandsticktoit•2.Listallkeyissueseitherpartywillwantdecided.Includetangibles,intangibles,throwaways…themorethebetter!(3).Setprioritiesforthekeyissues(对谈判进程按重要性进行排序)byeither:1.Ranking;2.Weights(%);3.Assigneachissuetooneoffourprioritylevels—Essential,Important,Desirable,Throwaway(4).Developsupportargumentsbasedoninformation,facts,logic,getusefulinformationfornegotiation.(获取信息)Preparation(Planningstage)•Beforenegotiating,takethetimetoplancarefullyandthoughtfully.Intheplanningstage,createasetofclearobjectstosteertheprocessintherightdirectionandachievethedesiredresults.Thoughtfulnegotiatorsthinkaboutthewaysinwhichtheobjectivescanbeachieved.•Whatweprepareintheplanningstage?(1).Personalstylesinnegotiation•Wheneverpeoplecometogethertonegotiate,theybringtheirownpersonalstylestothesituation.Thesepersonalstylesaffectthewaytheycommunicateandhandletheconflict.•personalstyles•个人性格对谈判的影响Hellreigel’sclassificationofinterpersonalstylesP267•Self-denying•Self-protecting•Self-exposing•Self-bargaining•Self-actualizing胆汁质--冲动是魔鬼•抑郁质的代表人物是林黛玉,特点是情感细腻、感受深刻,易触景生情,多愁善感•多血质的代表人物是王熙凤,特点是处事灵活•粘液质代表人物是薛宝钗,表现为考虑周全、细致、稳重•Self-denyingpeoplemaybedifficulttonegotiatewith,astheyareintrovertedandreticentinprovidinginformation,especiallyfeedback.Feelingsandideasarehiddenfromothers.Self-denying(内向沉默型)沉默型的谈判对手•这类人的心理特点是:•(1)不自信。由于不善言辞,生怕被别人误解或被小看,这类人常常闷闷不乐,具有自卑感。•(2)想逃避。他们对于说话一事感到很麻烦,从来不会因没有说话而感到不自在,自然而然地以听者自居。他们表现欲差,不愿在人多的场合出头露面,对事物的认识以来直觉,对好恶反应极为强烈。•(3)行为表情不一致。当他面带微笑时,可能内心正处于一种焦虑和不耐烦的心态。•(4)给人不热情的感觉。这些人看似态度傲慢,其实,内心深处也有一种愿为人做事的想法。Self-protecting(伪装型)••Self-protecingpeopleusediversonarytacticssuchasdiscussingotherpeopleorside-trackingtootherissues.Diversionarytacticsareusedtohidetruefeelingsandideas.•深藏不露的谈判对手•(1)不露“庐山真面目”。这些人城府很深,难以琢磨他们想说什么或想做什么•(2)精于“装糊涂”,善于伪装自己,有时故意装糊涂,好像没听懂对方所表达的意思,回答问题吞吞吐吐,闪烁其词。•(3)惯于“后发制人”Self-exposing(张扬型)••Self-exposingpeoplewishtobethecenterofattention.Thisattentioncanbedemandedbyspeakingloudly,speakingoverothers,usingattention-seekingbodymovements,ignoringfeedbackandtheviewsofothers.•顽固的谈判对手•(1)非常固执,你说东,他说西,你越想说服他,他会更加固执地抵抗。这种人很难后退一步,合作起来会不愉快。•(2)自信满满。他们自以为无所不能,认识事物带有片面性,只按自己的标准行事,往往听不进别人的意见。•(3)控制别人。他们经常对某些事拘泥于行事,深信自己的所作所为是绝对正确的,怕自己身心的一切被别人修正。此外,想让别人也按他的意志行事。•(4)不愿有所拘束,个性外向者居多。这类人精力充沛,做起事来很有魄力。•Self-bargainingpeoplewillshowtheirfeelingsandideasifothersshowtheirsfirst.Thesepeoplewaituntiltheyareledintonegotiation.Theycanopenupandnegotiatewhenothersinitiatetheprocess.Self-bargaining迟疑谨慎型•迟疑的谈判对手•(1)不信任对方。这类人不信任对方,没有特殊的理由,只是怕受骗上当。怀疑是他们保卫自己的一种手段。•(2)不让对方看透自己。他们希望自己有一块领地不被人知晓•(3)极端讨厌被说服。•谨慎稳重的谈判对手•(1)理智稳妥。•(2)谨小慎微•(3)“忠于职守,一丝不苟”Self-actualizingSelf-actualizingpeopleareidealnegotiatorsastheywanttohaveinformationandfeedbackfromtheotherperson.Thisinformationandfeedbackispresentedconstructivelytoaidthenegotiationprocessandtoachievegoalsandresultsthatareeffectivewithoutanyconflict.•善言灵巧的谈判对手•(1)爱说话。•(2)善于表达•(3)乐于交际•(4)为人处世机灵。典型代表:法国人(2).Concernwithprotocol•拉丁美洲国家比较多,也是一个多民族聚集的地区,风俗习惯差异较大,因此禁忌各不相同。如哥伦比亚人喜欢红,蓝,黄色,禁忌浅色,图案喜爱圆形、三角形和六角形,数字喜爱3、5、7等单数,但忌讳13。打手势也要格外注意,如将手掌水平放置来表示某人的高度,是将此人当做牲畜对待的含义。两个伸直的手指是一种猥亵的手势,在北美人表示“OK”的手势,在这里确是同性恋的表示,双手举过头顶拍手呼唤人等都是不礼貌的。此外,由于哥伦比亚海拔较高,不易大量喝酒和做剧烈运动,否则容易引起高原反应。•在阿拉伯国家,伊斯兰教一向被奉为国教,是除阿拉伯语以外阿拉伯民族的又一重要凝聚力量。阿拉伯人非常反感别人用贬损或开玩笑的语气来谈论他们的信仰和习惯,嘲弄或漠视他们的风俗。•由于受阿拉伯社会宗教意识的影响,妇女地位较低,一般是不能再公开场合抛头露面的。因此,应该尽量避免派女性去阿拉伯国家谈生意,如果谈判小组中有妇女,也应该将其安排在从属地位,以表示他们的风俗。在谈话中应尽量不涉及妇女问题。•德国人尊重契约的态度就是受到了基督教的影响,他们的守约观念非常强。而与此相反,葡萄牙人常常违约。他们签订合同之后常常会延期付款,并且毫无愧色地提出各种要求。据说他们是受了天主教教义“富者应该济贫”的影响。因此,与这些国家谈判,签订契约时一定要注意对方的宗教信仰及其影响下的履约态度。•在西班牙,女人上街一定要戴耳环•葡萄牙人讲究打扮,及时在很热的天气也穿着西装革履,在工作和社交等场合一般都打领带。•北欧人将蒸气浴视为日常生活中必不可少的一部分,大多数北欧国家的宾馆里都设有蒸汽浴室。在北欧,谈判之后去洗蒸气浴几乎成了不成文的规定。如果被邀去洗蒸气浴,不要以为很荒唐,这充分说明对方是很受欢迎的。TableEtiquette餐桌礼仪TheBasicsIntroduction•Tablemannersplayanimportantpartinmakingagoodimpression.•Herearesomebasictipstohelpyou…Sittingdown•Ataveryformaldinnernamecardswillshowyouwhereyoushouldsit.•Iftherearenonamecardsonthetables,thehostwilltakeyoutothecorrectplace.Sittingdown•Ifyouareataromanticdinner,themanshouldpushthewoman’schairinforher.•Sometimesthewaiterwilldothis.Usingthenapkin•Placethenapkinonyourlap.–Ifitissmall–unfold