搜索
NON-FINITEVERB1.限定动词与非限定动词的区别限定动词在句中可以充当谓语，有人称、数、时态和语态的变化非限定动词在句中不受句子主语、人称和数的限定，不能在句中充当谓语，所以也称为非谓语动词Whathehasdoneisdisappointingandhisparentsfeeldisappointed.Ilikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.非限定动词(非谓语动词)non-finiteverb不定式(todo)infinitive动名词V-inggerund分词participle现在分词ing过去分词-ed不定式动名词现在分词过去分词主语∨∨宾语∨∨表语∨∨∨∨定语∨∨∨∨宾语补语∨∨∨状语∨∨∨非谓语动词功能一览表不定式INFINITE3.不定式在句中的作用：主语定语表语宾语状语宾补1.不定式的形式不定式通常由不定式符号“to+动词原形”构成，比如动词write的不定式就是towrite。不定式也有时态和语态。例如:一般式进行式完成式主动todotobedoingtohavedone被动tobedonetohavebeendone时态语态不定式的形式不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语+宾语补足语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。3.不定式结构eg.HebegantostudyRussian.eg.Hewantedtosendmeagift.eg.Hebegantofeelsad.eg.Itcontinuedtorainheavily.eg.Hedecidedtoliveinthecountryside.4.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加not,never等否定词。•Wedecidednottobuythehouse.•Shewishednevertoseethemagain.•Shewastoldnottobeworryinganymore.•Iunderstandhimnottohavelefthere.5.不定式结构的句法功能不定式结构在句中可以作主语，宾语，补语，表语，定语和状语。⑴Asthesubject：(作主语，谓语用单数)eg.Togivegoodserviceisourduty.eg.Tocleantheroomonceaweekisnecessary.eg.Todevelopagricultureisveryimportant.eg.Tomeetyouisagreatpleasure.不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个“it”,而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：•Itisourdutytogivegoodservice.•Itisnecessarytocleantheroomonceaweek.•Itisveryimportanttodevelopagriculture.•Itisagreatpleasuretomeetyou.•Itis+adj.+of/forsb.todosth.⑵Asthepredictive(作表语)不定式作表语有两种情况:①主语和表语都是不定式eg.Toprotectforestsistokeepnaturalbalance.eg.Topromisetoomuchistopromisenothing.②主语通常是由hope,idea,job,plan,mistake,suggestion,wish,work等词充当.eg.Thepoorgirl’swishwastobuyapairofwarmshoes.eg.Hissuggestionwastomakeafire.eg.Whathewouldsaywastocallameeting.⑶Astheobject:(作宾语:V+todo)（记下！）能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,mean,offer,plan,prefer,refuse,promise,remember,try,want,wish等.eg.TheydecidedtomovetoShanghaiimmediately.eg.Shepreferedtoliveinthecountryside.eg.Thechildrenbeggedtocomewithus.eg.Itmeansthateveryathletesshouldtrytorunfaster.eg.Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补,就得用“it”作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。eg.QuitealotofstudentsfinditdifficulttomasterEnglish.eg.Doyouthinkitpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time?作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。eg.Haveyoudecidedwhentogo?eg.Thelittlegirlforgotwhattosay.eg.Idon’tknowwhichtochoose.这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。eg.Heaskedmehowtopronouncetheword.eg.Hedidn’ttellmewhattodonext.eg.Weshowedthemhowtorepairthecar.eg.Hepromisedmetogetadoctorformydaughter.⑷Astheobjectcomplement:(作宾补)（v+sb.todo、v+sb.tobe）在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中，不定式结构可作宾语补语。eg.Shetoldmetogetupearly.eg.I’dlovethemtocometonight.eg.Wethinkhimtobeanoutstandingscientist.eg.Iadvisedhimtoseeadoctorimmediately.在feel(一感)；hear,listento(二听)；let,make,have(三使)；see,notice,watch,observe，lookat(五看)等动词之后，不定式通常不带to。(记下！)eg.Isawaboyclimboverthefence.eg.Weallfeltthehouseshake.eg.Iwon’tletyougoalone.eg.WewillhaveTomhelpgroupA.但若这些动词用于被动语态，其后的不定式就需要带“to”.eg.Aboywasseentoclimbtohismother.eg.Theclockwasheardtostriketwelve.•不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时，不定式放在被修饰词之后。不定式与所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系、动状关系。Ihavealotofworktodo.(动宾关系)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(动状关系)Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(主谓关系)Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.(同位关系)不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时，用主动表达被动意义。Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?(5)Astheattributive:(作定语)eg.Heworkedhardtocatchupwithhisclassmates.(6)Astheadverbial(作状语)不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等意义。a.表示目的eg.Hewenthometoseehisbrother.eg.TostudythepoliticalsituationinRussia,MarxbegantolearnRussianattheageoffifty.为了加强语势，不定式结构还可以用inorderto/soasto来引导。eg.Theoldmanputonhisglassesinorderto/soastoseetheobjectmoreclearly.eg.Inordertogetthemoneyforhighereducation,hedidalotofoddjobs.b.表示结果不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式：eg.Heissocarelessastogeteverythingoutoforder.eg.Heissuchafoolastothinkthateverybodyelseisafraidofhim.eg.It’stoolateforustogohome.eg.Shewastootiredtoworkon.此外，还可以在句尾用(only)to…表示一种出乎预料的（通常是不愉快的）结果。eg.Ihurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.eg.Hegottotheairport(only)tobetoldthattheflightwascancelled.c.表示原因eg.Hewassadtohearthenews.eg.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.eg.I’msorrytohavemadethemistake.eg.I’mgladforyoutohavefinishedtheworksosoon.(7)其他用法Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.tomakemattersworsetobefrank/honestbetoblame，betolet(出租)thelastonetoarrive各种省略to的不定式结构不定式符号to的保留问题（五三P65）eg.Ihavealotofworktodo.eg.Shehasnoneedtobeworrying.eg.HeissaidtohaveleftShanghai.eg.ThepresidentwasreportedtohavebeenflyingacrosstheAtlantic.2.不定式的时态:3.不定式的语态：•Themattertobediscussedatthemeetingisahardnuttocrack.Theywereallwaitingforthegatetobeopened.•Heissuretohavebeentaughtbyagoodmusician.•I’msorryforthearticlenottohavebeenfinishedintime.一.不定式的复合结构1.一般来说,动词不定式的逻辑主语就是句中的主语.•Iamsorrytohearthat.•Weneedoxygentobreath.•Hewasseentogooutwithaman.•HewantstolearnEnglish.•Somestarsaretoosmalltobeseen.•Thispointtobeexplainedisaboutthelonghistoryofiron.2.在以“宾语＋不定式”的复合结构中，宾语就是不定式的逻辑主语．•Shewantsyoutocallhimbackat11.•Ioftenheardhimsingthesong.•Theywantthemachinetobetestedatonce.3.在“for/of”+名词（或代词的宾格）＋动词不定式的结构中，“for/of”后的名词（或代词的宾格）为动词不定式的逻辑主语．•Thisisforyoutodecide.•Idon’tthinkitadvisable(可取的）forhertostudymedicine•Therearealotofexperimentforthestudentstodo.•Thisboxistooheavy