企业文化

CorporatecultureIntroduction:Corporatecultureisoneoftheimportantconceptionsinorganizationsinrecentyears.Everyorganizationhasitsownuniquecultureorvalueset.Havingaclearunderstandingofcorporatecultureanditsclassificationwouldhelpuscomprehendingtheorganizationineveryaspect.FonsTrompenaarsandCharlesHampden-Turner’s1[1]havedefinedfourkindsofcorporatecultures:thefamily,theEiffelTower,theguidedmissileandtheincubator.Wewillcertainlybenefitsfromstudyingtheirclassificationofcorporatecultures.Keywords:Corporateculture,classification,overlapWhatiscorporateculture?Manyarticlesandbookshavebeenwritteninrecentyearsaboutcultureinorganizations,usuallyreferredtoasCorporateCulture.(企业文化)Herecorporateculturereferstothemoral,social,andbehavioralnormsofanorganizationbasedonthebeliefs,attitudes,andprioritiesofitsmembers.Organization’scultureisnotalistofvaluesdevelopedatanoffsitebytheexecutiveteamandframedonthewallintheirlobbies.Theseareideals.Everyorganizationhasitsownuniquecultureorvalueset.Mostorganizationsdon'tconsciouslytrytocreateacertainculture.Thecultureoftheorganizationistypicallycreatedunconsciously,basedonthevaluesorofthetopmanagementorthefoundersofanorganization.Inreality,whatmanagementpaysattentiontoandrewardsisoftenthestrongestindicatoroftheorganization'sculture.Thisisoftenquitedifferentthanthevaluesitverbalizesortheidealsitstrivesfor.Culturedrivestheorganizationanditsactions.Itissomewhatliketheoperatingsystemoftheorganization.Itguideshowemployeesthink,actandfeel.Itisdynamicandfluid,anditisneverstatic.Aculturemaybeeffectiveatonetime,underagivensetofcircumstancesandineffectiveatanothertime.Thereisnogenericallygoodculture.Therearehowever,genericpatternsofhealthandpathology.TheclassificationofcorporatecultureFonsTrompenaarsandCharlesHampden-Turner’sclassificationofthecorporatecultureisbasedontwodimensions,universalism-particularism（普遍主义-特殊主义）andindividualism-collectivism（个人主义-集体主义）,thusgeneratingfourquadrants.Thedimensionstheyusedtodistinguishdifferentcorporateculturesareequality-hierarchy（平等-等级）andorientationtotheperson-orientationtothetask（以人为本-以工作为本）.Thesetwodimensionsenablethemtodefinefourtypesofcorporateculture.Thefourtypescanbedescribedasfollows.1,thefamily（家庭型）2,theEiffelTower（埃菲尔铁塔型）3,theguidedmissile（导弹型）4,theincubator（孵化器型）FonsTrompenaarsandCharlesHampden-Turnerpointoutthatthesefourtypesofcorporatecultureare“idealtypes”.Whileinpracticethetypesaremixedoroverlaidwithoneanother（相互混合交替）.It’srathercomplicatedthanourimagination.Andthisclassificationisusefulforexploringthebasisofeachtypeintermsofhowemployeeslearn,change,resolveconflicts,reward,motivateandsoon.Wedogetbenefitsfromstudyingtheirclassificationofcorporatecultures.Thefamilyculture家庭型文化AccordingtoFonsTrompenaarsandCharlesHampden-Turner,themetaphoroffamilycultureposesakindofcloserelationshipwithinthewholeorganization.“Itispersonalandatthesametimehierarchical（等级性质的）,inthesensethatthe“father”ofthefamilyhasexperienceandauthoritygreatlyexceedingthoseofhis“children”,especiallywheretheseareyoung.Asaresult,theleaderintheorganizationisregardedasacaringfather（慈爱的父亲）whoknowsbetterthanhissubordinateswhatshouldbedoneandwhatisgoodforthem.However,ratherthanbeingthreatening,thistypeofpowerisessentiallyintimateand(hopefully)benign.Theworkofthecorporationinthistypeofcultureisusuallycarriedforwardinanatmospherethatinmanyrespectsmimicsthehome.”Fatherisalwaystherepresentativeofpowerandauthorityathome,especiallyintheAsiancountries.However,heisalsoacaringfather,whosepowerandauthorityseemsquiteintimateandbenign,notthreateningatall.(Heretheabsoluteauthorityposedbysomearbitraryleadersisexclusiveinthissetting).Tosomeextend,thesubordinatesarepassivelyacceptedthearrangementandorderofthefather,butthisordercouldessentiallybringbenefitstothem.Andthebenignatmosphereofabigfamilyisquitehumanistic.TheEiffelTowelculture埃菲尔铁塔型文化Aswementionedabove,thenepotism（裙带关系）withinanorganizationwouldberegardascorruptionandaconflictofinterestbysomeculturesforthereasonthattheyemphasizesonthevariousrolesandfunctionsprescribedinadvance.They’reroleorientated.Everyoneoftheorganizationhasbeenplacedinacertainplace,beingresponsibleforthecertainworkprescribedbyhisorhersupervisors.Ifeveryoneofthemdedicatedtocarryouttheirworkssuccessfully,thewholeorganizationwouldberunsmoothlyforward.Inotherwords,thewholeorganizationassemblesapyramid（金字塔）,formingacertainkindofhierarchy（等级）.FonsTrompenaarsandCharlesHampden-TurnerhavechosentheEiffelTowelinParistosymbolizethisculturetype“becauseitissteep,symmetrical,narrowatthetopandbroadatthebase,stable,rigidandrobust.”It’scharacteristictosomedegreeassemblethatoftheworkhierarchyinroleorientatedcorporate.Andmoreimportantly,“itsstructure,too,ismoreimportantthanitsfunction”.Therefore,theorganization,includingthesupervisorsandthesubordinates,paytheirattentiontothestructureoftheorganizationratherthanthefunctions.Functionwouldbetakenoverbystructureundercertaincircumstances.Theguidedmissileculture导弹型文化Equality,orbeingcalledtheegalitarian（平等）,istheverycharacteristicoftheguidedmissileculture.Everyo