英语单词词性转换的基本规律

英语单词词性转换的基本规律(1.动词(v.)→名词(n.)(a)词形不变,词性改变例如:work,study,water,plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物).(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示某一类人的名词例如:work—worker,teach—teacher,sing—singer,jump—jumper,play—player,learn—learner,visit—visitor,invent—inventor,collect—collector等.注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.例如:drive—driver,write—writer等.2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er例如：run—runner,win—winner,begin—beginner等.(c)在动词词尾加上-ment变成名词例如:achieve—achievement(成就)advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告)agree—agreementdisgree—disagreementamuse—amusement(娱乐)improve—improvement(争吵)commit(奉献)—commitmentdevelop—development(发展)depart—department(局,部)govern(统治)—government(政府)manage—management(管理)equip—equipment(装备)有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment.例如:argue—argument(争论)(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词例如:attract—attraction;instruct—instruction;invent—inventiondiscuss—discussion;express—expressioneducate—education;graduate—graduation;operate—operation(去e再加ion)compete—competition;organize—organization(把e改成其他字母再加tion)decide—decisionconclude—conclusion(把de改为s再加ion)describe—description描写,描绘(这是特例,不规则变化)(e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词例如:appear—appearance(外貌;出现)perform—performance(演出)accept—acceptance(接受)(f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词(方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)例如:meet—meetingbuild—buildingwait—waitingbathe—bathingsay—saying(谚语)mean—meaningend—endingtrain—trainingwash—washing注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing如:swim—swimmingshop—shoppingbegin—beginning(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化例如:Beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐)behave(行为举止)—behaviorknow(知道)—knowledge(知识)fly—flight(飞行)heat(加热)—heat(热量)hit(撞击)—hit(轰动一时的人或物,碰撞)mix(混合)—mixture(混合物)press(按,压)—pressure(压力)sit(坐)—seat(座位)succeed—success(成功)tour—tour(旅游)/tourist(游客)2.动词(v.)→形容词(adj.)(a)动词后面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性.例如:afford－affordable；love－lovable(b)动词后面加ed,以e结尾的动词则直接加d,表示被动性的属性或特点.例如:scatter－scattereduse－used（赵科翔，注意下，这个就是我们所讲的非谓语动词作定语的情况）(c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b).3.名词(n.)→形容词(adj.)(a)在名词后面加-y可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)例如:rain—rainy,cloud—cloudy,wind—windy,snow—snowy,health—healthy,luck—lucky,anger—angryguilt—guilty(内疚的)tourist—touristy(游客多的),salt(盐)—salty(咸的)silk(丝绸)—silky(丝绸般的),sleep—sleepy(昏昏欲睡的)注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加-y.如:sun—sunny,fun—funny,fog—foggy(有雾的),fur—furry(毛皮的)2)少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加-y.如:noise—noisy,ice—icy,shine—shiny(发亮的),taste(口味)—tasty(甜的)(b)名词后面加-ed,以e结尾的直接加d.例如:spot(斑点)—spotted(有斑点的);talent—talented(有天赋的)organize—organized有组织的;balance—balanced(平衡的)(c)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词例如:care—careful,thank—thankful,help—helpful,use—useful,meaning—meaningful(d)在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词例如:care—careless(粗心的),use—useless(无用的)hope—hopeless(没希望的)，home—homeless(无家可归的)(e)一些以-ce结尾的名词,把-ce改为-t变成形容词例如:difference—different,silence—silent,confidence—confident(f).在名词后加-ly变为形容词例如:friend—friendly,love—lovely,live---lively(g).在名词后加-ous变为形容词例如:danger—dangerous(h)名词后面加-al变为形容词例如:music—musical;medicine—medical(这个比较特殊)(i)名词后面加-able变为形容词,如果以e结尾就去e再加-able.例如:adjust—adjustable可调整的value—valuable有价值的(j)名词后面加-en变成形容词例如:wood—wooden木制的wool—woolen羊毛的(k)一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese,-ish或-n构成表示国籍,语言的形容词例如:China—Chinese,Japan—Japanese,England—English,America—American,India—Indian,Australia—Australian(注意Canada—Canadian)4.形容词(adj.)→副词(adv.)▲一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词例如:quick—quickly,slow—slowly,loud—loudly,sudden—suddenly等但是,以下几点值得注意：(a)一些以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly例如:happy—happily,angry—angrily,lucky—luckily,heavy—heavily,noisy—noisily(b)有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y例如:possible—possibly,terrible—terribly(c)少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly例如:true—truly但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly例如:polite—politely,wide—widely(d)以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时要在词尾加-ly,以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y.例如:usual—usually,careful—carefully,useful—usefullyfull—fully(以-ll结尾的才只加y)