American-foreign-policy

AmericanForeignPolicyDepartmentofState•建国初期，美国第一任总统华盛顿设立的第一个政府部门为DepartmentofForeignAffairs，也就是名副其实的“外交部”。两个月后该部门更名为DepartmentofState，这是因为华盛顿赋予了该部门若干国内事务的职责，如：铸币，管理官方印章，负责人口普查等。到了19世纪，其国内事务的职权陆续转交给单独设立的部门，DepartmentofState主要负责外交事务，但其名称并没有改变，延用至今。Name:JohnForbesKerryJob:SecretaryofStateBirthday:1943-12-11Birthplace:Aurora,ColoradoGraduate:YaleUniversityHonor:PurpleHeart（紫心勋章）Party:theDemocraticParty约翰·克里SecretaryofStateForeignPolicies1.Pre-WWⅠperiod2.BetweenWWⅠ&WWⅡ3.Post-WWⅡperiodPre-WWⅠperiod•Isolationism（孤立主义）GeorgeWashingtonintroducedthepolicyinTheFarewellAddress,whichhadinfluencedAmericanforeignpoliciesforaverylongtime.“TheGreatruleofconductforus,inregardtoforeignNationsisinextendingourcommercialrelationstohavewiththemaslittlepoliticalconnectionaspossible.”•MonroeDoctrine（门罗主义）In1823,the5thPresidentofAmericaJamesMonroeaddressedCongressanddeliveredamessagethatisnowcalledtheMonroeDoctrine.ThisaddressdiscussedthepositionoftheU.S.towardEuropeatatimewhenEuropewasindisarray.TheMonroeDoctrinestillinfluencesAmericanforeignpolicytothisday.“EuropeanpowerswerenolongertocolonizeorinterferewiththeaffairsofthenewlyindependentnationsoftheAmericas.”•ThreepointsoftheMonroeDoctrine1.NoEuropeanColonizationintheAmericas.2.NeutralityTowardEurope.3.NoEuropeanInterference.BetweenWWⅠ&WWⅡ•FourteenpointpeaceprincipleThisisproposedbyPresidentThomasWoodrowWilson.HeintentstoestablishaworldledbyAmericabyfoundinganorganizationknownastheLeagueofNations.However,theUSdidnotjoinitbecausetheCongressfailedtoratifyit.TheattackonPearlHarbor↓theendofIsolationismPost-WWⅡperiodColdwarTheArmsRaceAfterthewar,twosuperpowersbegantorallycountriesaroundthem.ThefoundingoftheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)in1949andtheWarsawPactin1955splittheworldintotwomilitaryblocswithalargenumberofnon-alignedcountriesinbetween.Armsracebegan.In1982,RonaldReagantookthepresidencyandhewantedtoreversethesituation.HeinitiatedtheStarWarsprojectinordertodragtheSovietUnionintobankruptcy.•TheContainmentPolicy（遏制政策）TheUSputintoeffectthepolicyinthelate1940s.TrumanDoctrine:theUSwouldusewhatevermeans,includingmilitaryforce,topreventtheSovietUnionfrombreakingoutofitssphereofinfluence.1950-1951,theKoreanWar.1954-1973,theVietnamWar.BerlinWall—SymboloftheColdWar1958-1961,theconfrontationsbetweenNATOledbytheU.S.andtheWarsawPactledbytheSovietUniontookplaceinBerlin.CubanMissileCrisis(1962)•In1959,FidelCastro,theleaderofCubanrevolutionaries,cametopowerbyoverthrowingtheBatistaregime.•TheEisenhowerAdministrationapprovedaCIAplantooverthrowthenewregime.•WhenKennedycameintooffice,theCIAplanwascarriedoutbutfailed,knownastheBayofPigsfiasco.•TheSU,takingadvantageofthesituationtoexpanditsinfluenceintheregion,introducedmediumrangeandintermediaterangemissilesintoCuban.•TheUSwasnotawareofthisuntiltheU-2spyplanediscoveredthenearly-completedlaunchingpads.PresidentKennedydecidedtoplaceablockadearoundCubatopreventfurthershipmentofweaponsanddemandthetotalremovalofmissilesinplaceinCuba.•Strategyofcontraction(收缩政策)•TheNixonDoctrine:theUnitedStatesnolongerplannedtofightagroundwarinAsiabutwouldprovidenuclearprotectiontoitsalliesintheregionandgivemilitaryandeconomicsupporttocountriesfightingagainstdomesticcommunism.In1972,NixonmadeatriptoChinatoimproverelationswithChina.In1979,theU.S.andChinanormalizeddiplomaticrelations.ThestrategicbasisforthetwocountriestocometogetherwasthesharedstruggleagainstSovietexpressionism.SALTⅠagreementswithSU.CeasefireagreementwithVietnam.Afterthecoldwar•Unilateralism(单边主义)WhenGeorgeW.BushbecamePresidentin2001,heandhistopadviserspursuedanewstrategy:UnilateralismandFaithinMilitaryStrength.The9.11AttackOnsept.11,2001,terroristshijackedfourAmericanpassengerplanes,twosmashingintotheWorldTradeTowers,oneintothePentagon,andtheforthonesmashingintothefieldsinPennsylvania.•BushDoctrine(thestrategyofpreemption):Bypreemption,theUSmeansthatwhenitdeterminesthatacountrywhichisrepressiveandhostiletotheUShasacquiredorproducedweaponsofmassdestructionorhasthepotentialtopossesssuchweapons,theUSshoulduseforcetoremovethisthreattoUSsecurityandshouldnotwaittillthedangerbecomesimminentoruntiltheUsisattacked.thesecondGulfWar•NewPolicyIn2008,BarrackObamatookthepresidency,becomingthe44thpresidentofAmerica.Onforeignpolicy,thegoalsetbyPresidentObamawere,to“re-establishAmerica’sstandingintheworld;createdialogwithfriends,partnersandadversariesbasedonmutualrespect;andworktogetherinbuildingpartnership.”TomendthestrainedrelationswiththeEuropeanallies.ToimproverelationswithChina.TostartnegotiationonanewSTARTagreementwithRussia.NewstepstodealwiththewarsinIraqandAfghanistan.TheUnitedStatesisback!PaxAmericana（美国和平）ALatinwordfor“Americanpeace”(derivedfrom“PaxRomana”),describesaworlddominatedbyAmerica.Allnationsinthis“world”shouldtakeAmericansystemsandAmericanvaluesastheirstandards.That’sall.Thanksforyourattention!