英语词汇学charpter6-2-The-study-of-word-meaning-ppt

ThestudyofwordmeaningWhatismeaning?Whatismeaning?LectureoutlineTypesofwordmeaningGrammaticalandlexicalmeaningLeech’sseventypesofmeaningSemanticfieldMeaningrelationsofwordsSynonymyAntonymyMeronymyHyponymyPolysemyHomonymy6.2MainTypesofWordMeaning6.2.1Grammaticalmeaningword-classinflectionalparadigm(词形变化)6.2.2LexicalmeaningLexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords,whereasgrammaticalmeaningisdominantinfunctionwords.6.2MainTypesofWordMeaning6.2.1GrammaticalmeaningFunctionwords(orgrammaticalwords)arewordsthathavelittlelexicalmeaningorambiguousmeaning,butinsteadservetoexpressgrammaticalrelationshipswithotherwordswithinasentence,orspecifytheattitudeormoodofthespeaker.word-classthepartofspeechoftheword.Inflectionalparadigm词形变化ThesetofgrammaticalformsofawordTheformsfornoun,verbandadj?ThegrammaticalmeaningisthesameinidenticalsetofindividualformsofdifferentwordsThelexicalmeaningofawordisthesamethroughouttheparadigm6.2MainTypesofWordMeaning6.2.2LexicalmeaningAlsoknownasthedictionarydefinition,isthemeaningofthetermincommonusage.Lexicalmeaningisdifferentfromgrammaticalmeaningintworespects:a.Lexicalmeaningofawordisthesameinalltheformsofoneandthesamewordwhilethegrammaticalmeaningvariesfromoneword-formtoanother;b.Everywordhasadifferentlexicalmeaning,whereasthegrammaticalmeaningisthesameinidenticalsetsofindividualformsofdifferentwords.ExampleTheweddingofPrinceWilliam,DukeofCambridge,andCatherineMiddletontookplaceonFriday,29April2011atWestminsterAbbeyinLondon.PrinceWilliam,secondinthelineofsuccessiontoQueenElizabethII,firstmetCatherineMiddletonin2001,whilstbothwerestudyingattheUniversityofStAndrews.Newsoutletswidelyestimatedthattheweddingwaswatchedbyaglobaltelevisionaudienceofupwardsoftwobillionpeople.24.5millionwatchedtheeventintheUK.Leech’sSevenTypesof(lexical)MeaningGeoffreyLeech(1974,1981)proposesinSemantics:TheStudyofMeaningseventypesofmeaning:ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningAssociativeMeaningAnexample?Whatisthemeaningof“mother”?Mother/mom/ma/母亲、妈妈、娘、额娘、母后、慈母(1)ConceptualmeaningAlsocalled‘denotative’（外延）or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.e.g.chair:apieceoffurnitureforonepersontositon,havingabackand,usually,fourlegs.man:[+Human],[+Male],[+Adult],(2)Connotativemeaning(内涵意义)Thecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Amultitudeofadditional,non-criterialproperties,includingnotonlyphysicalcharacteristicsbutalsopsychologicalandsocialproperties,aswellastypicalfeatures.Involvingthe‘realworld’experienceoneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Anycharacteristicofthereferent,identifiedsubjectivelyorobjectively,maycontributetotheconnotativemeaningoftheexpressionwhichdenotesit.Forexample:lambmeans“docile,gentleandobedient”Whatdoes“mother”mean?And“stepmother”?StepmotherFierce,ruthless,cruel,cold,vicious,rough,violentdevil,evil,uglyMotherly,kind,tender,mild,considerate,perfect,nice,brave.Talkative,sensitive,beautiful(3)SocialmeaningWhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Dialect:thelanguageofageographicalregionorofasocialclass.Time:thelanguageofthe18thc.,etc.Province/Area:languageoflaw,ofscience,ofadvertising,etc.Status:polite,colloquial,slang,etc.Modality:languageofmemoranda,lectures,jokes,etc.Forexample:domicile:veryformal,officialresidence:formalabode:poetichome:generalsteed:poetichorse:generalnag:slanggee-gee:babylanguage(4)AffectivemeaningReflectingthepersonalfeelingsofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.You’reavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate,andIhateyouforit!I’mterriblysorrytointerrupt,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.Willyoubeltup.Maryisanangel.‘Colorful’meaningCommendatorytough-mindedresolute,firmshrewdchildlikemanofunusualtalentportly,stout,solid,plumpslender,slimDerogatoryruthlessobstinatesly,craftychildishfreakfleshy,fat,tubbylean,skinny,lanky,weedy,scraggy(5)ReflectedmeaningArisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Tabooterms:watercloset–washroom;theGay-homosexuality(6)CollocativemeaningTheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.pretty:girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,colour,village,etc.handsome:boy,man,car,vessel,overcoat,airliner,typewriter,etc.manandwife,breadandbutter,apieceofcake(7)ThematicmeaningWhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.Theme/Rheme(given/newinformation)MrsBessieSmithdonatedthefirstprize.ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrsBessieSmith.(Thesetwosentencesexpressthesameconceptualmeaning,buttheyhavedifferentcommunicativevalu