American-Education美国教育

AmericanEducationTwofactorsmadetheeducationofAmericastart.Thisimmigrationofhighereducationbackgroundmadethemattachgreatimportancetoeducation.AndtheearlyimmigrantsfromEnglandneededakindofculturetohelpthemunderstandTheBiblebythemselvesbecauseoftheirdevotiontoreligion.EducationintheU.S.---HistoryThePuritanssetupschoolsasinstinctivelyastheysetupchurches:(1).TheBostonLatinSchoolin1635,(2).HarvardCollegein1636,(3).Theytooktheirfirststeptowardestablishingasystemofpublicschools.(4).In1647,Massachusettspassedaradicallaw,whichrequiredeverytowntoprovideitschildrenwithschoolsandschoolmasters.InJune1753,BenjaminFranklindecidedthenew-modelcollegewouldfocusontheprofessions,withclassestaughtinEnglishinsteadofLatin,havesubjectmatterexpertsasprofessorsinsteadofonetutorleadingaclassforfouryears,andtherewouldbenoreligioustestforadmissionEducationintheU.S.---HistoryTheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates,whothemselveswereeducators,laiddowntheprinciplesandinstitutionsofeducationwhichstillflourish.OfalltheFoundingFathers,itwasThomasJeffersonwhocontributedmosttoAmericaneducationalphilosophyandpractice.ItwasJeffersonwho,inhisoldage,builtalmostsingle-handed,thefirstgreatstateuniversityinAmerica---theUniversityofVirginia.EducationinAmericancanbetrackedbacktothepuritansintheearly17thcentury,theythinkeverypersonshouldbeabletoreadtheBibleIn1634theyopeneda''Laingrammerschoolforthosewhowantedtopreperforcollege;In1636,Harydwasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers.During1630s-1640s,Lawswerepassedforcompulsoryeducationforallchildrenandpublictaxationforschools.In1647,Massachusettspassedaradicallaw,whichrequiredeverytowntoprovideitschildrenwithschoolsandschoolmasters.《ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAct》《美国中小学教育法》isthebasiceducationactoftheUnitedStates,whichreflectsthefederalgovernment'srequirementsforthenationalpublicbasiceducationschools.《TheHigherEducationAct》《高等教育法案》AdoptionoftheHigherEducationActAmendmentsof1992formalizedasignificantshiftinfederalfinancialaidpolicyfromgrantstoloans《HigherEducationOpportunityAct》《高等教育机会法案》TheHigherEducationOpportunityAct(PublicLaw110-315)(HEOA)wasenactedonAugust14,2008,andreauthorizestheHigherEducationActof1965,asamended(HEA).《GeneralProvisionofEducationAct》《教育总则法》EducationintheU.S.---EducationalSystemsGeneralintroductionEarlychildhoodeducationPrimaryandsecondaryschoolsHighereducationSupplementaryinformationGeneralIntroductionAmericansareproudofthefactthatthewindowofknowledgeisneverslammedshutforanyofthenation’scitizens.Childrenareallowedtoattendclasseswithkidsofvariousraces,schoolshaveequalopportunitiesforbothmalesandfemales,andforchildrenwithdisabilitiesorhandicaps.Noweachandeverystudentcangetanequalchancetobeeducated.Americanpublicschoolshavefourbasiccharacteristicsincommon:theyarelocallycontrolled,freefromreligiousinfluence,coeducational,andpubliclysupportedbytaxes.TheAmericaneducationofalltypesandatalllevelsjoineachotherinstructureandcommunicatewitheachotherupanddown.Atanyrate,fromelementaryschoolthroughcollege,Americansholdthebeliefthateveryonedeservesafairandequalopportunitytogetagoodeducation,andthatpartoftheresponsibilityofthegovernmentistomakesurethatsuchanopportunityisnotdeniedtoanyoneofthem.Oneofthestrikingfeatures,differAmericaneducationsystemfromotherEuropeancountries’educationsystem,callamonorailsystem.Itformedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandcanbespecificallydividedintothebottom-upstructure:primaryschool,secondaryschool,andthenuniversity.Railisthenumberofclassinonegrade.SimplegeneralizationPrimaryschoolAmericanchildrenstartschoolattheageoffiveyears.Thefirstyearatschooliscalledkindergarten.SecondaryschoolSecondaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsofatotalofsevenyears,referredtoassixththroughtwelfthgradesUndergraduateschoolUndergraduateschoolofferseitheratwo-yeardegreeorafour-yeardegreeinaspecificcourseofmajor.GraduateschoolStudentswhohaveobtainedabachelor’sdegreecancontinuetheireducationbypursuingoneoftwotypesofdegrees.ElementarySchoolGradeAgeRemarksKindergarten5-6K-2:Primarygrades1(first)6-72(second)7-83(third)8-93-5:Intermediategrades4(fourth)9-105(fifth)10-11MiddleSchoolRemarks6(sixth)7(seventh)11-12*SomesystemshaveJuniorHighSchoolforGrades7and8.8(eighth)13-1413-14HighSchoolGradeAge9(Freshman)14-1510(sophomore)15-1611(Junior)16-1712(Senior)17-18HigherEducationTypesofSchoolsPublicSchools:Financedwithtaxmoney.Facetoall(K-12)PrivateSchools:ReligiousorwithaparticulareducationalphilosophyHomeSchools:ParentsteachingchildrenathomepubliceducationBetween1825and1850,publiceducationwasestablishedinAmerica.PubliceducationisuniversallyrequiredattheK–12level,andisavailableatstatecollegesanduniversitiesforallstudents.K–12publicschoolcurricula,budgets,andpoliciesaresetthroughlocallyelectedschoolboards,whohavejurisdictionoverindividualschooldistricts.Stategovernmentssetoveralleducationalstandards,oftenmandatestandardizedtestsforK–12publicschoolsystems,andsupervise,usuallythroughaboardofregents,statecollegesanduniversities.Fundingcomesfromthestate,local,andfederalgovernment.Privateschool