3GriceanPragmatics---Implicature课件

PragmaticsUnit3GriceanPragmatics:ImplicatureGriceHerbertPaulGrice(格莱斯/格赖斯,1913-1988),bornandraisedatHarborne(nowasuburbofBirmingham),aBritish-educatedphilosopheroflanguage.HemovedtoUSin1967andtookupaprofessorshipattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,wherehetaughtuntilhisdeathin1988.Grice格莱斯的意义理论发端于1957年的Meaning一文，成形于1967年在哈佛大学作的系列讲座。1989年出版的StudiesintheWayofWords一书是这一思想的总结。这本书由三部分组成：1.自然意义与非自然意义2.说话人意义3.三种类型的含义说话人意义Grice认为说话人意义不是一个单一的概念，而是一个立体的集合，由所言（whatissaid）和含义（whatisimplicated）两部分组成。其中含义又分为规约含义（whatisconventionallyimplicated）和会话含义（whatisconversationallyimplicated）两种类型，后者又有一般和特殊之分。Contents3.1Naturalvs.non-naturalmeaning3.2Implicatureandimplication3.3Typesofimplicatures3.4Featuresofconversationalimplicatures3.1Naturalvs.non-naturalmeaningThreeterms:Naturalmeaning(Meaningn)(自然意义)Non-naturalmeaning(Meaningnn)(费自然意义)Implicature3.2ImplicatureandimplicationInformallogic,thesymbol“˄”means“and”.IfP˄Q,thenQ˄P.However,itseemsthatwecannotuse“and”inthesamewayas“˄”.E.g.Tomstoodupandansweredthequestion.Tomansweredthequestionandstoodup.3.2ImplicatureandimplicationGricepointedouttheinadequateattentiontothenatureandimportanceoftheconditionsgoverningconversation.Accordingtohim,“and”meansbasicallythesameas“˄”andtheadditionalmeaninglike“then”asfoundinthesecondsentenceisanimplicaturethatweinferinconsiderationofthecontext.3.2ImplicatureandimplicationImplicatureandimplicatumimplicature:implyingimplicatum:whatisimpliedImplicaturecoversthemeaningofimplicatum,usedinbothsingularandpluralformstorefertowhatisimplicatedorimplied.Implicatum:outofuse3.3TypesofimplicaturesImplicaturesdifferintermsofthewaytheyarederivable.Oneimportantcriterionconcernswhetherimplicaturesareintrinsicallytiedupwithsomelinguisticitems.Ifyes,itisconventionalimplicature(规约含义).E.g.JackisanEnglishman;heis,therefore,brave.3.3Typesofimplicaturesconventionalimplicature(规约含义).规约意义与某些词语（如but、therefore等）的规约意义密切相关，但对话语的真假值没有影响。如：Smithispoor,butheishonest.此句中but所触发的贫穷和诚实的对立就是一种规约含义。3.3TypesofimplicaturesIfno,itisconversationalimplicatures,whicharefurtherdividedintotwosub-types:generalizedconversationalimplicatures(一般会话含义)andparticularizedconversationalimplicatures(特殊会话含义).3.3TypesofimplicaturesToderiveaparticularizedconversationalimplicature(特殊会话含义),oneneedstohaveparticularknowledgeofthecurrentcontextandsomerelatedbackgroundinformation.E.g.Jack:Let’sgooutdrinkingtonight.Jane:Mygrandmaisill.(NosinglewordorthewholesentenceJaneutterscommunicatesthemeaningliterally.)3.3TypesofimplicaturesWhencalculatingageneralizedconversationalimplicature(一般会话含义),onedoesnotneedanyparticularknowledgeofthecurrentcontextoranyrelatedbackgroundinformation.Dependingontheutterancealone,plustheassumptionoftheinterlocutor’scooperativeness,wecanworkouttheimplicature.E.g.Jack:HowdidPhilipandPikedointheOlympics?Jane:Philipwonamedal.3.4FeaturesofconversationalimplicaturesA.Cancellability(ordefeasibility)可取消性B.Non-detachability不可分离性C.Non-conventionality非规约性D.Indeterminacy不确定性E.Calculability可推导性3.4FeaturesofconversationalimplicaturesA.Cancellability(ordefeasibility)可取消性最重要的一个特征。如果原初的话语上加上某些前提，某种会话含义就会被取消。co-text：狭义的语境，即上下文（limitedtothewords）context：广义的语境，包括情景、上下文等3.4FeaturesofconversationalimplicaturesB.Non-detachability不可分离性回话含义依附于话语的语义内容而非语言形式，因此，不可能通过同义词的替换把会话含义从话语中分离出去。C.Non-conventionality非规约性会话含义不是话语的规约意义的部分。既然必须在知道话语的字面意义之后才能在语境中推导出它的含义，那么这种含义就不可能属于字面意义。3.4FeaturesofconversationalimplicaturesD.Indeterminacy不确定性具有单一意义的词语在不同的场合可以产生不同的含义。E.Calculability可推导性听话人根据话语的字面意义和合作原则及其各条相关准则，推导出话语的含义来。例如：王军霞是东方神鹿。（王军霞是跑得最快的长跑运动员。）人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，明辨是非的能力。所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，古人说“书中自有黄金屋。”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，培养逻辑思维能力；通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，培养文学情趣；通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，给我们巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我们前进。