第四章酸碱平衡与酸碱滴定法4-1.将300mL0.20molL1HAc溶液稀释到什么体积才能使解离度增加一倍。解:设稀释到体积为V,稀释后VcmL300Lmol20.01由12acK得:)21()2(30020.0120.022V因为Ka=1.74105ca=0.2molL1caKa20Kwca/Ka500故由12=1得V=[3004/1]mL=1200mL此时仍有caKa20Kwca/Ka500。4-2.奶油腐败后的分解产物之一为丁酸(C3H7COOH),有恶臭。今有0.40L含0.20molL1丁酸的溶液,pH为2.50,求丁酸的Ka。解:pH=2.50c(H+)=102.5molL1=102.5/0.20=1.6102Ka=52222102.5106.11)106.1(20.01c4-3.WhatisthepHofa0.025molL1solutionofammoniumacetateat25℃?pKaofaceticacidat25℃is4.76,pKaoftheammoniumionat25℃is9.25,pKwis14.00.解:c(H+)=00.724.976.421101010aaKKpH=logc(H+)=7.004-4.已知下列各种弱酸的Ka值,求它们的共轭碱的Kb值,并比较各种碱的相对强弱。(1)HCNKa=6.2×1010;(2)HCOOHKa=1.8×104;(3)C6H5COOH(苯甲酸)Ka=6.2×105;(4)C6H5OH(苯酚)Ka=1.1×1010;(5)HAsO2Ka=6.0×1010;(6)H2C2O4Ka1=5.9102;Ka2=6.4105;解:(1)HCNKa=6.21010Kb=Kw/6.21010=1.6105(2)HCOOHKa=1.8104Kb=Kw/1.8104=5.61011(3)C6H5COOHKa=6.2105Kb=Kw/6.2105=1.61×1010(4)C6H5OHKa=1.11010Kb=Kw/1.11010=9.1105(5)HAsO2Ka=6.01010Kb=Kw/6.01010=1.7105(6)H2C2O4Ka1=5.9102Kb2=Kw/5.9102=1.71013Ka2=6.4105Kb1=Kw/6.4105=1.5×1010碱性强弱:C6H5OAsO2CNC6H5COOC2O42HCOOHC2O44-5.用质子理论判断下列物质哪些是酸?并写出它的共轭碱。哪些是碱?也写出它的共轭酸。其中哪些既是酸又是碱?H2PO4-,CO32-,NH3,NO3-,H2O,HSO4-,HS-,HCl解:酸共轭碱碱共轭酸既是酸又是碱H2PO4-HPO42H2PO4-H3PO4H2PO4-NH3NH2NH3NH4+NH3H2OOHH2OH3O+H2OHSO4-SO42HSO4-H2SO4HSO4-HS-S2HS-H2SHS-HClClNO3-HNO3CO32HCO34-6.写出下列化合物水溶液的PBE:(1)H3PO4(2)Na2HPO4(3)Na2S(4)NH4H2PO4(5)Na2C2O4(6)NH4Ac(7)HCl+HAc(8)NaOH+NH3解:(1)H3PO4:c(H+)=c(H2PO4)+2c(HPO42)+3c(PO43)+c(OH)(2)Na2HPO4:c(H+)+c(H2PO4)+2c(H3PO4)=c(PO43)+c(OH)(3)Na2S:c(OH)=c(H+)+c(HS)+2c(H2S)(4)NH4H2PO4:c(H+)+c(H3PO4)=c(NH3)+c(HPO42)+2c(PO43)+c(OH)(5)Na2C2O4:c(OH)=c(H+)+c(HC2O4)+2c(H2C2O4)(6)NH4AC:c(HAc)+c(H+)=c(NH3)+c(OH)(7)HCl+HAc:c(H+)=c(Ac)+c(OH)+c(Cl)(8)NaOH+NH3:c(NH4+)+c(H+)=c(OH)–c(NaOH)4-7.某药厂生产光辉霉素过程中,取含NaOH的发酵液45L(pH=9.0),欲调节酸度到pH=3.0,问需加入6.0molL1HCl溶液多少毫升?解:pH=9.0pOH=14.0–9.0=5.0c(OH)=1.0105molL1n(NaOH)=45105mol设加入V1mLHCl以中和NaOHV1=[45105/6.0]103mL=7.5102mL设加入xmLHCl使溶液pH=3.0c(H+)=1103molL16.0x103/(45+7.5105+x103)=1103x=7.5mL共需加入HCl:7.5mL+7.5102mL=7.6mL4-8.H2SO4第一级可以认为完全电离,第二级Ka2=1.2×102,,计算0.40molL1H2SO4溶液中每种离子的平衡浓度。解:HSO4H++SO42起始浓度/molL10.400.400平衡浓度/molL10.40x0.40+xx1.2102=x(0.40+x)/(0.40x)x=0.011molL1c(H+)=0.40+0.011=0.41molL1pH=lg0.41=0.39c(HSO4)=0.400.011=0.39molL1c(SO42)=0.011molL14-9.求1.0×106molL1HCN溶液的pH值。(提示:此处不能忽略水的解离)解:Ka(HCN)=6.21010caKa20Kwca/Ka5001714106waaLmol100.1100.1102.6100.1)H(KKccpH=7.04-10.计算浓度为0.12molL1的下列物质水溶液的pH值(括号内为pKa值):(1)苯酚(9.89);(2)丙烯酸(4.25)(3)氯化丁基胺(C4H9NH3Cl)(9.39);(4)吡啶的硝酸盐(C5H5NHNO3)(5.25)解:(1)pKa=9.89c(H+)=689.9aa109.31012.0KcpH=5.41(2)pKa=4.25c(H+)=325.4aa106.21012.0KcpH=2.59(3)pKa=9.39c(H+)=639.9aa100.71012.0KcpH=5.15(4)pKa=5.25c(H+)=425.5aa102.81012.0KcpH=3.094-11.H2PO4-的Ka2=6.2×108,则其共轭碱的Kb是多少?如果在溶液中c(H2PO4-)和其共轭碱的浓度相等时,溶液的pH将是多少?解:Kb=Kw/Ka=1.01014/6.2108=1.6107pH=pKalgca/cb=pKa=lg(6.2108)=7.204-12.欲配制250mLpH=5.0的缓冲溶液,问在125mL1.0molL1NaAc溶液中应加多少6.0molL1的HAc和多少水?解:pH=pKalgca/cb5.0=lg(1.74105)lgca/cbca/cb=0.575cb=1.0molL1125/250=0.50molL1ca=0.50molL10.575=0.29molL1V6.0molL1=250mL0.29molL1V=12mL即要加入12mL6.0molL1HAc及250mL125mL12mL=113mL水。4-13.现有一份HCl溶液,其浓度为0.20molL1。(1)欲改变其酸度到pH=4.0应加入HAc还是NaAc?为什么?(2)如果向这个溶液中加入等体积的2.0molL1NaAc溶液,溶液的pH是多少?(3)如果向这个溶液中加入等体积的2.0molL1HAc溶液,溶液的pH是多少?(4)如果向这个溶液中加入等体积的2.0molL1NaOH溶液,溶液的pH是多少?解:(1)0.20molL1HCl溶液的pH=0.70,要使pH=4.0,应加入碱NaAc;(2)加入等体积的2.0molL1NaAc后,生成0.10molL1HAc;余(2.00.20)/2=0.90molL1NaAc;pH=pKalgca/cbpH=lg(1.74105)lg(0.10/0.90)=5.71(3)加入2.0molL1的HAc后,c(HAc)=1.0molL1HAcH++Ac1.0x0.10+xx1.74105=(0.10+x)x/(1.0x)x=1.74104molL1c(H+)=0.10molL1+1.74104molL1=0.10molL1pH=0.10(4)反应剩余NaOH浓度为0.9molL1pOH=lg0.9=0.05pH=14.000.05=13.954-14.人体中的CO2在血液中以H2CO3和HCO3-存在,若血液的pH为7.4,求血液中H2CO3与HCO3-的摩尔分数x(H2CO3)、x(HCO3)?解:H2CO3的Ka1=4.2103(pKa1=6.38);Ka2=5.61011(pKa2=10.25)pH=pKalgca/cb7.4=6.38lgc(H2CO3)/c(HCO3)095.0)HCO()COH()HCO()COH(332332nnccn(H2CO3)=0.095n(HCO3)91.0)HCO()HCO(095.0)HCO()HCO()COH()HCO()HCO(087.0)HCO()HCO(095.0)HCO(095.0)HCO()COH()COH()CO(H333332333333323232nnnnnnxnnnnnnx或x(HCO3)=1x(H2CO3)=10.087=0.9134-15.回答下列问题并说明理由。(1)将NaHCO3加热至270~300℃,以制备Na2CO3基准物质,如果温度超过300℃,部分Na2CO3分解为Na2O,用此基准物质标定HCl溶液,对标定结果有否影响?为什么?(2)以H2C2O42H2O来标定NaOH浓度时,如草酸已失去部份结晶水,则标定所得NaOH的浓度偏高还是偏低?为什么?(3)NH4Cl或NaAc含量能否分别用碱或酸的标准溶液来直接滴定?(4)NaOH标准溶液内含有CO32,如果标定浓度时用酚酞作指示剂,在标定以后测定物质成份含量时用甲基橙作批示剂,讨论其影响情况及测定结果误差的正负。解:(1)若Na2CO3部分分解为Na2O,由于失去了CO2,则消耗比Na2CO3时更多的HCl,即所用HCl的体积增加,使HCl的浓度偏低。(2)H2C2O42H2O失去部分结晶水,则相同质量的草酸消耗的NaOH体积增加,使NaOH的浓度偏低。(3)由于NH3H2O可以直接滴定,故NH4Cl不可直接滴定(caKa108);同理NaAc的caKb108,不可直接滴定。(4)若NaOH溶液内含CO32,标定时用酚酞作指示剂,而测定时用甲基橙为指示剂。由于标定时CO32在NaOH中以Na2CO3存在,Na2CO3NaHCO32NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O2molNaOH~1molNa2CO3~1molHCl即使V(NaOH)值上升,标定计算出的c(NaOH)下降,(以NaOH与HCl反应为例,别的物质也一样)。测定时用甲基橙为指示剂,Na2CO3+2HCl2NaC