丁尼生

AlfredTennyson(1809-1892)TheVictorianLiteratureTheVictorianAge(1832-1901)3stages:TheearlyVictorianstage(1832-1848):sharpconflictbtwthelaborandthecapital,theChartistMovement,criesfordemocracy.—CharlesDickens,BronteSisters,ThackerayMiddle(1848-1870):economicprosperity,progress,optimism,confidence.Thackeray,GeorgeEliotTheLateVictorianAge(1870-1901):Crises,declineoftheempire,doubtinreligiousbelief;ThomasHardy.lifeFather:clergymanwhogrewinsane.Precociousboy,whowrotealongpoemat9.,pooreyesightEducation:Cambridgewithoutgettingadegree.Experiences:Associations:ApostleclubandArthurH.HallamAlfredbegantowritepoetryatanearlyageinthestyleofLordByron.Afterspendingfourunhappyyearsinschoolhewastutoredathome.TennysonthenstudiedatTrinityCollege,Cambridge,wherehejoinedtheliteraryclub'TheApostles'andmadefriendswithArthurHallam,uponwhosedeathhewroteoneofthebestelegiesintheworldInMemoriam”.TennysonpublishedPoems,ChieflyLyrical,in1830,Hisnextbook,Poems(1833),receivedunfavorablereviews,andTennysonceasedtopublishfornearlytenyears.In1842,however,Tennyson'sPoemsintwovolumeswasatremendouscriticalandpopularsuccess.In1850,withthepublicationofInMemoriam,TennysonbecameoneofBritain'smostpopularpoets.HewasselectedPoetLaureateinsuccessiontowordsworth.Tennysonsufferedfromextremeshort-sightedness--withoutamonoclehecouldnotevenseetoeat--andthisdisabilityinpartaccountsforhismannerofcreatingpoetry:Tennysoncomposedmuchofhispoetryinhishead,occasionallyworkingonindividualpoemsformanyyears.Inthe1870sTennysonwroteseveralplays,amongthemthepoeticdramasQueenMary(1875)andHarold(1876).In1884hewascreatedabaron.Hediedattheageof83.HewasburiedinthePoets'CornerinWestminsterAbbey.LiterarycareerThePrincess,1847InMemoriamH.H.,1850:the131piecesofelegymourningthedeathofhisfriendArthurHallam,expressinghisthoughtsontheproblemsoffaith,life,death,andimmortality.Maud,1855abouttheloveofarevenge-possessedyoungmanforMaud)EnochArden,1864aboutasailor’sdeeploveforhiswife.IdyllsoftheKing,1859-1885dealingwiththelegendsofKingArthurandhisKnightsPositionandachievementsThemostpopularpoetintheVictorianAge.Worksweremelancholic,reflectedthemoralandintellectualvaluesofhistime,andshowedhisfeelingfororderandhistendencytowardsmoralizing.widerangeofsubjectmatter,rangingfrommedievallegendstoclassicalmythsandfromdomesticsituationstoobservationsofnature,assourcematerialforhispoetry.T.S.Eliothascalledhimthegreatmasterofmetricaswellasofmelancholia.“Heexcelledintheuseofthemusicalqualitiesofwordstoemphasizehisrhythmandmeaning.ninthmostfrequentlyquotedwriterinTheOxfordDictionaryofQuotationsNature,redintoothandclaw“'Tisbettertohavelovedandlost/Thannevertohavelovedatall“Theirsnottoreasonwhy,/Theirsbuttodoanddie“Mystrengthisasthestrengthoften,/Becausemyheartispure“Knowledgecomes,butWisdomlingers”Theoldorderchangeth,yieldingplacetonew.“TheEagle”Heclaspsthecragwithcrookedhands;Closetothesuninlonelylands,Ringedwiththeazureworld,hestands.Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls:Hewatchesfromhismountainwalls,Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.他弯曲的手钩住峭壁;紧邻太阳于孤寂之地,青天环抱中，他挺立。纹皱的海在下面蠕动;他在山垣上伺机欲攻,然后雷霆一般他俯冲。彭镜禧、夏燕生译钢爪握崖岩,独立太阳边；岩高万籁寂,四外尽蓝天。身下海涛翻,只见微皱面；绝壁傲视久,忽坠如雷电。汪榕培、杨立民等译Whatfiguresofspeechhavebeenemployedinthepoem?Howdotheyhelpcreatepoeticmeaningorconveyemotion?Isthereanyshiftofvantagepointinthepoem?Whateffectdoesitproduce?FiguresofspeechinthepoemAlliteration(clasps,crag,crooked;lonelyland;watches,walls)Personification(he—theeagle;hands—hookedfeet;stands;wrinkledsea…crawls)Metaphor(mountainwalls—mountainpeaks)Simile(likeathunderbolthefalls—theformidablepoweroftheeaglewhenheswoopsanddies)Hyperbole(closetothesun)Allusion:areferencetosomethingelse,specificallyanotherliterarywork,sothatreaderscanuseknowledgeofthatotherworktosharpentheirunderstanding.Closetothesun—Icarus/Daedalusmyth.InGreekmythology,IcarusandhisfatherDaedalusescapedfromimprisonmentontheIsleofCretebymakingwingsoutofwaxandfeathersandflyingaway,butIcarusflewclosetothesun;thewaxmelted,andIcarusfellintotheseaanddrowned.LonelylandsrecallsAristotle'sdefinitionofthetragicherowhoactsaloneandsuffersforhispridefuldefianceofthegods.ThemountainwallsmayechothemythofPrometheus,theherowhorebelledagainstthegodsandforhispunishmentwaschainedtomountainwalls.LonelylandsrecallsAristotle'sdefinitionofthetragicherowhoactsaloneandsuffersforhispridefuldefianceofthegods.ThemountainwallsmayechothemythofPrometheus,theherowhorebelledagainstthegodsandforhispunishmentwaschainedtomountainwalls.appreciationTheopeningthree-linestanzapresentsastillpictureofalonelyeagleperchingonthepeakofthemountainhighinthesky.Thespeakerviewsthemotionlesseaglefrombelow,whosenamesymbolizesnobilityandkeenvision.Bymeansofpersonificationachievedthroughhumanizedwordssuchas“clasp,hands,stands,”thespeakerinvestscourage,perseveranceintothekinglybirdwhoenjoyshislonelyfreedomandpridedespitehisgrowingageinasevereenvironment.ClosetothesunresonateswiththeIcarus/Daedalusmyth,highlightingtheeagle’sheroicspiritinpursuitofandinmaintainingitsfreedom.Meanwhileitforeshadowsthetragicdeathofthebird.