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1第一章Macroeconomics宏观经济学Thestudyoftheoverallaspectsandworkingsofanationaleconomy,suchasincome,output,andtheinterrelationshipamongdiverseeconomicsectors.研究国民收入的各方面。Microeconomics微观经济学Thestudyoftheoperationsofthecomponentsofanationaleconomy,suchasindividualfirms,households,andconsumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。GDP国内生产总值(GrossDomesticProduct)Thetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthebordersofanationduringaspecifiedperiod.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。Itisoftenseenasanindicatorofthestandardoflivinginacountry.GrossDomesticProduct＝consumption+investmentgoods+governmentpurchases+netexportsEconomicGrowth经济增长steadygrowthintheproductivecapacityoftheeconomy(andsoagrowthofnationalincome)RealEconomicGrowthRate实际经济增长率Ameasureofeconomicgrowthfromoneperiodtoanotherexpressedasapercentageandadjustedforinflation(i.e.expressedinrealasopposedtonominalterms).Therealeconomicgrowthrateisameasureoftherateofchangethatanation'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)experiencesfromoneyeartoanother.Grossnationalproduct(GNP)canalsobeusedifanation'seconomyisheavilydependentonforeignearnings.Therealeconomicgrowthratebuildsontotheeconomicgrowthratebytakingintoaccounttheeffectthatinflationhasontheeconomy.Therealeconomicgrowthrateisaconstantdollarandthereforeamoreaccuratelookattherateofeconomicgrowthbecausetherealrateisnotdistortedbytheeffectsofextremeinflationordeflation.GDPdeflatorGDP指数IneconomicstheGDPdeflator(implicitpricedeflatorforGDP)isameasureofthechangeinpricesofallnew,domesticallyproduced,finalgoodsandservicesinaneconomy.GDPstandsforgrossdomesticproductthetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthateconomyduringaspecifiedperiod.NominalGDP名义GDPAgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)figurethathasnotbeenadjustedforinflation.RealGDP实际GDPThisinflation-adjustedmeasurethatreflectsthevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedinagivenyear,expressedinbase-yearprices.Oftenreferredtoasconstant-price,inflation-correctedGDPorconstantdollarGDP.UnlikenominalGDP,realGDPcanaccountforchangesinthepricelevel,andprovideamoreaccuratefigure.Potentialoutput潜在产量/潜在GDPIneconomics,potentialoutput(alsoreferedtoasnaturalrealgrossdomesticproduct)referstothehighestlevelofrealGrossDomesticProductoutputthatcanbesustainedoverthelongterm.GDPGapGDP缺口Theforfeitedoutputofancountry'seconomyresultingfromthefailuretocreatesufficientjobsforallthosewillingtowork.AGDPgapdenotestheamountofproductionthatisirretrievablylost.Thepotentialforhigherproductionlevelsiswastedbecausetherearen'tenoughjobssupplied.（与书异）NetExports净出口Thevalueofacountry'stotalexportsminusthevalueofitstotalimports.Itisusedtocalculateacountry'saggregateexpenditures,orGDP,inanopeneconomy.Inotherwords,netexportsistheamountbywhichforeignspendingonahomecountry'sgoodsandservicesexceedsthehomecountry'sspendingonforeigngoodsandservices.Recession经济衰退Asignificantdeclineinactivityspreadacrosstheeconomy,lastinglongerthanafewmonths.Itisvisibleinindustrialproduction,employment,realincome,andwholesale-retailtrade.Thetechnicalindicatorofarecessionistwoconsecutivequartersofnegativeeconomicgrowthasmeasuredbyacountry'sGDP.Notes:Recessionisanormal(albeitunpleasant)partofthebusinesscycle.Arecessiongenerallylastsfromsixtoeighteenmonths.Interestratesusuallyfallinrecessionarytimestostimulatetheeconomybyofferingcheapratesatwhichtoborrow2money.Depression经济萧条Asevereandprolongedrecessioncharacterizedbyinefficienteconomicproductivity,highunemployment,andfallingpricelevels.Intimesofdepression,consumer'sconfidenceandinvestmentsdecrease,causingtheeconomytoshutdown.ValueAdded附加值Theenhancementacompanygivesitsproductorservicebeforeofferingtheproducttocustomers.Thiscaneitherincreasetheproductspriceorvalue.（与书异）GrossNationalProduct–GNP国民生产总值AneconomicstatisticthatincludesGDP,plusanyincomeearnedbyresidentsfromoverseasinvestments,minusincomeearnedwithinthedomesticeconomybyoverseasresidents.GNPisameasureofacountry'seconomicperformance,orwhatitscitizensproduced(i.e.goodsandservices)andwhethertheyproducedtheseitemswithinitsborders.DisposableIncome可支配收入Theamountofafter-taxincomethatisavailabletodividebetweenspendingandpersonalsavings.Thisalsoknownasyourtakehomepay.UnemploymentRate失业率Thepercentageofthetotallaborforcethatisunemployedbutactivelyseekingemploymentandwillingtowork.Laborforce劳动力thegroupofpeoplewhohaveapotentialforbeingemployed.FrictionalUnemployment摩擦性事业Unemploymentthatisalwayspresentintheeconomy,resultingfromtemporarytransitionsmadebyworkersandemployersorfromworkersandemployershavinginconsistentorincompleteinformation.StructuralUnemployment结构性失业Unemploymentresultingfromchangesinthebasiccompositionoftheeconomy.Thesechangessimultaneouslyopennewpositionsfortrainedworkers.CyclicalUnemployment周期性失业Unemploymentresultingfromchangesinthebusinesscycle.NaturalUnemployment自然失业率（与书异）Thelowestrateofunemploymentthataneconomycansustainoverthelongrun.Keynesiansbelievethatagovernmentcanlowertherateofunemployment(i.e.employmorepeople)ifitwerewillingtoacceptahigherlevelofinflation(theideabehindthePhillipsCurve).However,criticsofthissaythattheeffectistemporaryandthatunemploymentwou