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1微观经济学名词解释2Chapter1businesscycle经济周期fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproductioneconomics经济学;经济，国家的经济状况thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarce缺乏的，罕见的resourcesefficiencyn.功效;效率，效能;实力，能力;[物]性能;thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesequalityn.同等，平等;[数]相等，等式;thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsocietyexternality[,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander旁观者;局外人;看热闹的人incentivesomethingthatinducesapersontoactInflation[ɪn'fleɪʃ(ə)n]anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomymarginalchangessmallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofactionmarketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized权力分散;人口疏散;密度分散;decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesmarketfailureasituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配，分派;把…拨给;英[ˈæləkeɪt]resourcesefficientlymarketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesopportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemproductivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput3Chapter2circular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;家庭，户andfirmsmacroeconomics[,mækrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks;-ek-]thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowthmicroeconomics[,maɪkrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪksthestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribe定，规定;指定，规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb]howtheworldshouldbepositivestatementsclaimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitisproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['frʌntɪə）agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyChapter3absoluteadvantagetheabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducercomparativeadvantagetheabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducerexportsgoodsproduceddomestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的andsoldabroadimportsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyopportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemChapter4competitivemarketamarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['selə]tradingidentical同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl]productssothateach4完全竞争市场buyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheotherdemandcurve需求曲线agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandeddemandschedule需求表atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemandedequilibriumprice均衡价格thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemandedequilibriumquantitythequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumpriceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə]agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemandlawofdemand需求原理theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodriseslawofsupply供给原理theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodriseslawofsupplyanddemandtheclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalancemarketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservicenormalgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand5普通商品quantitydemanded需求量theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchasequantitysuppliedtheamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosellshortageasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysuppliedsubstitutestwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheothersupplycurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysuppliedsupplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysuppliedsurplus['sɜ:pləs]asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemandedChapter5cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgoodelasticity[,ilæ'stɪsəti]n.弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsincomeelasticityameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthe6ofdemand需求的收入弹性percentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincomepriceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricepriceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricetotalrevenue(inamarket)总收入;总收益theamountpaidbybuyers