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Streamofconsciousness(意识流)(orinteriormonologue);Inliterarycriticism,Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual’spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter’sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext,transferredfrompsychology,isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow,tracingastheydoacharacter’sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.famouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheEnglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.Americanrealism：（美国现实主义）RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismandpavedthewaytoModernism;2).Duringthisperiodanewgenerationofwriters,dissatisfiedwiththeRomanticideasintheoldergeneration,cameupwithanewinspiration.Thisnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.Itaimedattheinterpretationoftherealitiesofanyaspectoflife,freefromsubjectiveprejudice,idealism,orromanticcolor.Insteadofthinkingaboutthemysteriesoflifeanddeathandheroicindividualism,people’sattentionwasnowdirectedtotheinterestingfeaturesofeverydayexistence,towhatwasbrutalorsordid,andtotheopenportrayalofclassstruggle;3)sowritersbegantodescribetheintegrityofhumancharactersreactingundervariouscircumstancesandpicturethepioneersofthefarwest,thenewimmigrantsandthestrugglesoftheworkingclass;4)MarkTwainHowellsandHenryJamesarethreeleadingfiguresoftheAmericanRealism.AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义文学)：TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.2)naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.3Dreiserisaleadingfigureofhisschool.LocalColorism(乡土文学)：Generallyspeaking,thewritingsoflocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,weell-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.2)Localcoloristswereconsciouslynostalgichistoriansofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions,theyworkedfrompersonalexperiencetorecordthefactsofalocalenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocal.3)majorlocalcoloristsisMarkTwain.Imagism(意象主义)：ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandU.Saround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.2theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.3imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:A.directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;B.economyofexpression;C.asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome.4pound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knownimagistpoem.TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代）：ThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.2fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.3thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,HemingwayandJohndosPassos.TheBeatGeneration(垮掉的一代):ThemembersofTheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines.Whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.2TheBeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforitsnon-conformingstyle.3themajorbeatwritingsareAllenGinsberg’showl.HowlbecamethemanifestoofTheBeatGeneration.AJazzage(爵士时代):TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodofthe1920sand1930s,theyearsbetweenworldwarIandworldwarII.ParticularlyinnorthAmerica.Withtheriseofthegreatdepression,thevaluesofthisagesawmuchdecline.PerhapsthemostrepresentativeliteraryworkoftheageisAmericanwriterFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby.Highlightingwhatsomedescribeasthedecadenceandhedonism,aswellasthegrowthofindividualism.Fitzgeraldislargelycreditedwithcoiningtheterm”JazzAge”.HemingwayCodeHero(海明威式英雄):HemingwayCodeHero,alsocalledcodehero,isonewho,woundedbutstrongmoresentitive,enjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport)infaceofruinanddeath,andmaintains,throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhimself.2barnesinthesunalsoRises,henryinaFarewelltoarmsandsantiagointheoldmanandtheseaaretypicalofHemingwayCodeHeroImpressionism(印象主义):Impressionismisastyleofpaintingthatgivestheimpressionmadebythesubjectontheartistwithoutmuchattentiontodetails.Writersacceptedthesameconvictionthatthepersonalattitudesandmoodsofthewriterwerelegitimateelementsindepictingcharacterorsettingoraction.2briefly,