托福TPO阅读The-Origins-of-Cetaceans

Reading:TheoriginsofCetaceansStructureRelationshipamongparagraphsandtheimportantideas(Q.13-14)TypesofQuestions(Factualinformation,Inference,Vocabulary,Reference,Sentenceunderstanding)locationofanswers,semanticmemory,function,informationinputFacilitiating(learningstyles,difficulty)motivation,visual,auditoryandkinesthetic,student-centeredtutorUnderstand,remember,apply(practice)Usingagoodstrategyismorehelpfulthanjusttryingtolearn.Reading:GreatestHitsLikelyoriginsofcetaceansPakistanoldestPakicetuslocationAn.Ts3mafterP.StronghindlegLikemodern...FunctionalbothLackflukehavetailSwimlikemodernLandbredbirthCetaceansmammalCharacteristics:throughlungs,givebirthBodies:hindlegsno.Fluke,blowholeYescannotdisguisFirstwhale?Fossil(fullymarineC.)Skull-arch.modernC.LackspaceinJawbonesGuess.ThroughearsLackablowhole,divingP.Isatransitional/FishshallowwatergivebirthonlandB.Tsea.AfterP.Hindlegyes!-nonfunctionalFullymarineQ:gapbet.WalkingnSwimmingFossilstransitional.Aistheone.AmbulocetusnatansPara.5DetailsvsMainideas(Q13-14)13-14:1,2,5PakicetusPara.1BasilosaurusPara.3Para.2Q1,4,7(FactualInformation)Howtodeal:keywordsinquestionlocationoftheanswer(whichsentences?)--rephrasingQuestion1:Rephrasing.Sayaboutthepresenceofablowhole.“Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals”(fromparagraph1)Cannotdisguise…mammals.--Option2.Butwhatif”Idon’treallyknowthewordofconcealoraffinities.”Option1___clearlyindicate…1.notanswerwhattheQasks,2,failtoinfercorrectly.Becausethepassagedoesn’ttellusthatblowholeisthekeycharacteristicofmammals.Option3___themaindifference…1.understandingofaffinities.2.whereisthe“main”from?Wasitinferred?Option4___cannotyieldclues…thestatementmayrightbuttheauthordoesn’tmentionit.Difficultylevel:wordsinterpretationQ4：LocationoftheanswerHowtodeal:keywordsinquestionlocationoftheanswer(whichsentences?)--rephrasingSimilar(P.andmoderncetaceans)“Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.”(fromparagraph3)Skullshape--Option3.Butwhatif”Ionlyfinddifferencesinthisparagraph!”Crossoutoption1,2,and4onebyone,whichistime-consuming.Alternativechoice:bevigilantandextracttheskeletonofsentencesfromthethirdsentenceinthisparagraph.Difficultylevel:SkeletonofSentencesQ7：KeywordsinquestionHowtodeal:keywordsinquestionlocationoftheanswer(whichsentences?)--rephrasing(inthisquestion)…wasasignificantfind…itshowedthat…1.gofindanywordsindicatethe“significant”inParagraph4.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttime…2.ThendigthejudgmentofB’shindlegbehind“thefirsttime”“Suchlegswouldhavefartoosmalltohavesupported……onland.”“Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.”(fromparagraph4)Couldnothavewalkedonland--Option3.But”WhenIsee‘significant’,Ilookforpositivestatementinoptions.”Donotblindbyyourownassumption.Stickwiththeauthor.Difficultylevel:SkeletonofSentencesQ2,8,9(Inference)Howtodeal:questionwith“infer”“why…mention”locationoftheanswer--themeaningofappointedsentences--matchthesentenceinoptions.Question2:Themeaningofappointedsentences.Canbeinferredaboutearlyseaotters.“However,unlikethecaseofseaottersandpinnipeds…,itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.”(fromparagraph1)UnlikeA,noteasyforBeasyforAOption1:notdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.Butwhatif”Idon’treallyunderstandadoublenegativeinasentence.”Practicemore,evenstartfromasentenceinChinese.Difficultylevel:DoublenegativeQ8(Inference)Howtodeal:questionwith“infer”“why…mention”locationoftheanswer--themeaningofappointedsentences--matchthesentenceinoptions.Question8:locationoftheanswerCanbeinferredthatB.bredandgavebirth.GofindtheMainfeaturesofB.“Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblenonfunctional,orvestigial,hindleg.”（fromparagraph4）AfullymarinewhaleanythingitdidisinwaterincludesbredandgavebirthOption4:inamarineenvironmentButwhatif”Idon’tknowhowtolocatetheappointedsentence.”Identifythefunctionofsentencesinparagraph.(topic,supportingevidence,conclusion)Difficultylevel:DoublenegativeQ9(Inference)Howtodeal:questionwith“infer”“why…mention”locationoftheanswer--themeaningofappointedsentences--matchthesentenceinoptions.Question9:locationoftheanswerWhythewordluckilyinmentioningA.fossilincludehindlegs.“Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.”（fromparagraph5）Aconclusionisdrawnfromhindlegsbasedonsentencesfollowedthe“luckily”one.A’shindlegs:awhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea.Thelegprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.Option2Butwhatif”Istartlookingthesentenceofoptionstochecktherightanswer.”Option1:ararefind?Includingthefrontlegs?Option3&4:thepresenceofhindlegsvstheshapeofhindlegsDifficultylevel:DoublenegativeQ.3,6,11(Vocabulary)TrytointerpretthewordinQuestion.Selectanalternativewordfromoptions.Putthealternativewordbacktosentence.Noawkwardmeaning.Precious