叙事学基础

2020/3/31叙事学基础BasicNarratology南方医科大学外国语学院唐伟胜2020/3/32讲座目的了解叙事学基本概念了解叙事学理论前沿了解叙事学分析方法作用：从事叙事理论研究及翻译用叙事学分析工具进行文学文本、文化现象的阐释工作2020/3/33什么是叙事（narrative)?Therecounting(asproductandprocess,objectandact,structureandstructuration)ofoneormorerealorfictitiouseventscommunicatedbyone,two,orseveral(moreorlessovert)narratorstoone,two,orseveral(moreorlessovert)narratees.Someonetellssomeoneelsethatsomethinghappensonsomeoccasionandforsomepurpose.(JamesPhelan)Thereaderreadssomeonetellingsomeoneelsethatsomethinghappens.(Marie-LaureRyan)TheminimaldefinitionofNarrative(ZhaoYihenginthe2ndcollectionofChineseeditionofNarrative)2020/3/34叙事学理论背景新批评NewCriticism俄国形式主义RussianFormalism结构主义structuralism索绪尔语言理论英美修辞学Anglo-AmericanRhetorics2020/3/35叙事学的基石：故事/话语二分story/discoursedichotomyStory:thecontentplaneofnarrativeasopposedtoitsexpressionplaneordiscourse;the“what”ofanarrativeasopposedtoits“how”;thenarratedasopposedtothenarrating;thefictionasopposedtothenarration;theexistentsandeventsrepresentedinanarrativeDiscourse:2020/3/36叙事语法narrativegrammarAseriesofstatementsandformulasinterrelatedbyanorderedsetofrulesandaccountingfor(structuralaspectsof)aparticularsetofnarrativesorthesetofallandonlypossiblenarratives.Storygrammar:theattempttospecifythebasicconstituentsofthenarratedandtodescribetheirinterrelations,andtheyhelptoinvestigatetheeffectsofstructureandcontentvariablesonmemoryandthecomprehensionoftexts.(seeCANT,p.110-11)探究叙事、故事语法是早期叙事学的主要研究目的。2020/3/37叙事语法尝试之一：普罗普（V.Propp)TheMorphologyofRussianFolktales俄罗斯民间故事形态学确定叙事的基本要素（narrativeelements)及其功能（function)。1）沙皇给英雄一只鹰。2）老人给苏森一匹马。3）王子给伊万一枚戒指。他发现，在俄罗斯民间故事中，有31个这样的功能单位，并以同样的序列（sequence)出现。2020/3/38叙事语法尝试之二：布雷蒙（Bremond)简化了普鲁普的31个功能，更抽象化。叙事的基本序列为：1.表示可能发生变化的功能；2.表示是否实施这种变化的功能；3.表示变化是否实现的功能。比如：某人受到某种伤害后，可能采取两种行动：（1）容忍；（2）报复；如果采取报复，则又存在：（1）报复成功；报复失败。2020/3/39叙事语法尝试之三：格雷马斯（Greimas)三对六种行动元（actant):主体（subject)、客体(object)；发送者(sender)、接受者(receiver)；帮助者(helper)、阻挠者(opponent)。任何故事中都有这六种行动元，他们可能归入三种序列结构：契约型（contractual)、完成型(performative)和离合型（disjunctive)。2020/3/310叙事结构尝试之四：托多洛夫（Todorov)叙事分为：最小叙事单元（unit)、序列（sequencing)和文本（text)最小单元是一些基本命题（proposition)，五个命题构成一个序列：平衡（equilibrium)—外力1—失去平衡—外力2—新的平衡；而很多序列则按照多种方式连接构成完整的文本（text)。2020/3/311Storytime/narrativetimeORDER;DURATION;FREQUENCYAnalepsis:ananachronygoingbacktothepastwithrespecttothe“present”moment;anevocationofoneormoreeventsthatoccurredbeforethe“present”moment.FLASHBACKProlepsis:ananachronygoingforwardtothefuturewithrespecttothe“present”moment;anevocationofoneoremoreeventsthatwilloccurafterthe“present”moment.FLASHFORWARD叙事话语：时间(time)2020/3/312叙事话语：语态（voice)Narrator(whospeaks?):Theonewhonarrates,asinscribedinthetext.Thereisatleastonenarratorpernarrative,locatedatthesamediegeticlevelasthenarrateeheorsheisaddressing.Anarratormaybemoreorlessovert,knowledgeable,ubiquitous,self-conscious,andreliable,ands/hemaybesituatedatagreaterorlesser(temporal,discursive,intellectual,moral)distancefromthesituationsandeventsnarrated,thecharacters,and/orthenarratee.Anarratormaybeextradiegeticorintradiegetic;heterodiegeticorhomodiegetic(functioningasprotagonist,animportantcharacteroraminorone).Note:thenarratorisnottheauthor;sheisnoteventheimpliedauthor.2020/3/313叙事话语：叙事层次（narrativelevels)Thelevelatwhichanexistent,event,oractofrecountingissituatedwithregardtoagivendiegesis.Metalepsis:theintrusionofonediegesisofabeingfromanotherdiegesis;theminglingoftwodistinctdiegeticlevels.Shouldanextradiegeticnarratorsuddenlyentertheworldofthesituationsandeventsrecounted,forinstance,ametalepsisobtains.(见马原的作品）2020/3/314叙事话语：人物话语表达方式Narrateddiscourse/indirectdiscourse/freeindirectdiscourse/directdiscourseFreeindirectdiscourse:Atypeofdiscourserepresentingacharacter’sutterancesorthoughts.Ithasthegrammaticaltraitsof“normal”indirectdiscourse,butitdoesnotinvolveatagclause(hesaidthat…)introducingandqualifyingtherepresentedutterancesandthoughts.Itshouldmanifestsomeofthefeaturesofthecharacter’swaysofspeaking.Eg.:(1)Hebecameindignant.Amanlikehimwasasuspectnow!(2)Shesmiled.Mary,blesshersoul,wouldbecomingtorelievehertomorrow.阿Ｑ近来虽然比较的受人尊敬，自己也更高傲些，但和那些打惯的闲人们见面还胆怯，独有这回却非常武勇了。这样满脸胡子的东西，也敢出言无状么？2020/3/315叙事话语：语式（mood)focalization(whosees?)聚焦：theperspectiveintermsofwhichthenarratedsituationsandeventsarepresented;theperceptualorconceptualpositionintermsofwhichtheyarerendered.不仅是视角问题，还是意识形态的问题，如女性视角和男性视角。(vision;pointofview;perspective)Zerofocalization:零聚焦，多数全知叙事（omniscientnarration)，上帝之眼Internalfocalization:内聚焦，可细分fixed(onlyoneperspectiveisadopted),variable(differentperspectivesareadoptedtopresentdifferentsituations),multiple(differentperspectivesareadoptedtopresentthesamesituation)Externalfocalization:外聚焦（situatedinthediegesisbutoutsideanyofthecharacters,摄像机式，Hemingway’s“TheKiller”)）思考：第三人称叙事一定是零聚焦叙事吗？2020/3/316叙事话语：视角越界(alteration)Onceaperspectiveisadopted,thenarrativeisexpectedtofollowwhatcanbeseenfromthatperspective.Anyviolationwouldbeconsideredasalterationofperspective.Paralepsis:analterationthatconsistsingivingmoreinformationthatnshouldpresumablybegivenintermsofthefocalizationco