2015年全国成考高起点《英语》语法归纳和练习

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2015年全国成考高起点《英语》语法归纳和练习一、最高级形式应注意的问题:1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among.in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意:among…相当于oneof…,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如:allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.[A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与“the+形容词最高级+of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage二、不用比较级和最高级的形容词:1)表示颜色的有:white,black2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.三、平行结构与比较级平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly…but(also);prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同类对比:and;but;or;both…and…;either…or…;neither…nor………平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:Itisbettertodieonesfeetthan.[A]livingononesknees[B]liveononesknees[C]ononesknees[D]toliveononesknees(答案为D)Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleinapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]letssay(答案为B)2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.四、代词及其指代一致(一)代词的指代1.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的thatof.如Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.这里that指代前面的therole.Nobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.2.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones.theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如:Agoodwriteriswhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.[A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this答案为[C]3.do的替代作用。do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如:Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.(二)代词指代一致问题代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect.这里he指代前面的person.Itwasduringthe1920sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.这里me必须用宾格形式。代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律:1.邻近和靠近原则由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but(also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.NeitherthepackagenorthelettershavereachedtheirdestinationIfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrink2.当each,everyone,everybody,noone,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,somethingeverything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如:Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.Noneoftheboyscandoit,canhe?Everythingisready,isntit“3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如:Theyeachhavetwocoatsweareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数如:thetouristandbusinessmenlosttheirluggageintheaccident五、主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则意义一致原则就近一致原则很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下:(一)谓语动词用单数的情况1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数。如:Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher.(1987年考研题)Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数。TwoweekswastoolongFivetimesfivemakestwentyfive3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数:lawandorder法制soapandwater肥皂水acupandsaucer茶杯碟子forkandknife刀叉theneedleandthread针线trialanderror反复尝试,不断摸索horseandcarriage马车timeandtide岁月breadandbutter奶油面包theebbandflow盛衰,潮涨潮落如:Iflawandordernotpreserved,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.A.isB.areC.wasd.were答案:A.4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage.5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数Thechaoswasstopp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