被动语态的构成1.被动语态的基本结构:be+动词过去分词2.各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词do为例)时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+doneWecleantheclassroom.Theclassroomiscleanedbyus.一般过去时didwas/were+doneHemadethekite.Thekitewasmadebyhim.现在进行时am/is/are+doingam/is/are+beingdoneSheiswateringflowers.Flowersarebeingwateredbyher.现在完成时have/has+donehave/has+beendoneJimhasfinishedthework.TheworkhasbeenfinishedbyJim.一般将来时will/shall/begoingto+dowill/shall/begoingto+bedoneTheywillplanttreestomorrow.Treeswillbeplantedbythemtomorrow.过去进行时was/were+doingwas/were+being+doneShewaswritingaletterthistimeyesterday.Aletterwasbeingwrittenbyherthistimeyesterday.过去完成时had+donehad+doneJimhadfinishedthework.TheworkhadbeenfinishedbyJim.过去将来时would/should/begoingto+dowould/should/begoingto+doHesaidhewouldmadeakite.Hesaidakitewouldbemadebyhim.含有情态动词can/may/must+docan/may/must+be+doneIcanfindhim.Hecanbefoundbyme.(二)被动语态的用法被动语态中主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。e.g.ThiswatchismadeinChina.这块手表是在中国制造的。2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。e.g.Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.每年必须有更多的树被种植。3.需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。e.g.Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.世界上越来越多的人说汉语(强调汉语的使用广泛)。4.动作的发出者不是人时。e.g.Manyhouseswerewashedawayintheflood.很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。(三)主动语态和被动语态的转换1.主动语态变被动语态:(1)要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾格变主格。(2)把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变宾格,并由by引导。(3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。e.g.WeaskedhimtosinganEnglishsong.我们让他唱一首英语歌。HewasaskedtosinganEnglishsongbyus.他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。2.带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可接直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。e.g.Shegavemeabook.(变为被动语态)→Iwasgivenabook.(间接宾语me改为主语)Abookwasgiventome.(育接宾语abook改为主语)3.短语动词变为被动语态许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。注意:短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。e.g.Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.(变为被动语态)→Oldmenshouldbespokentopolitely.(to不可省略)4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。e.g.IheardJaneplayingthepianoinherroom.(变为被动语态)→Janewasheardplayingthepianoinherroom.5.被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see、hear、watch、feel、notice等使役动词,也称为感官动词,let、make、here等动词后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。e.g.Hemakesthegirlstayathome.(改为被动结构)→Thegirlismadetostayathome.LastSundayweheardthemsingPekingOperainthetheatre.(改为同义句)→TheywereheardtosingPekingOperainthattheatrelastSunday.四句话:①主语变成宾语;②宾语变成主语;③动词一分为二;④时态体现在be动词上。(四)被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式1.主动结构表被动意义(1)open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。e.g.Thiskindofpenwritesverysmoothly.这种笔写起来很流畅。Thiskindofshirtsellswellhere.这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。(2)look、sound、taste、smell等系动词主动结构表被动意义。e.g.Uniformslookuglyonus.我们穿着制服很难看。Mooncakestastedelicious.月饼吃起来很好。(3)beworthdoing中,doing表被动意义。e.g.Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。(4)want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/require+tobedone。tobedone表不定式的被动结构。e.g.Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.我的自行车需要修理。(五)不用被动语态的情况1.主动句的宾语是eachother或反身代词时,不能用于被动语态。e.g.ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.White.(主动语态)那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。HimselfwasintroducedasMr.White.(误)TheyhelpeachotherstudyEnglish.(主动语态)他们互相帮助学习英语。EachotherishelpedstudyEnglish.(误)2.当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时,不能用于被动语态。e.g.Wewillhaveameeting.我们将开一个会。3.主动语态的宾语是动词不定式或-ing形式时,不能用作被动语态的主语。e.g.MybrotherenjoyswatchingTV.Heaskedtohaveatry.他请求试一次。注意:解答被动语态题目时,首先要判断主语和动作的关系,如果主语是动作的执行者,则用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。