第二部分庞玉双167191585在中国,人们围绕着“如何译”这一问题,形成了深具中国传统文化特色的对于翻译的认识体系。陈福康将中国传统译学理论的发展分为古代、晚清、民国、1949年以后四个时期。InChina,translationknowledgesystem,around“howtotranslate”,whichdeeplyhasChinesetraditionalculturalfeatureshasbeenformed.倒置ChinesetraditionaltranslationtheoriesweredividedintofourperiodsbyChenFukang:ancienttimes,lateQingdynasty,theRepublicofChina(1912-1949)andafter1949.1三国时支谦写的《句法经序》(公元224年)是我国翻译界公认的第一篇谈翻译的文字。其中所主张的翻译方法“因循本旨,不加文饰”,有的学者视之为最初的直译说,至今仍被众多的翻译家视为最重要的翻译原则之一。TheLawsScriptures(224A.D.),writtenbyZhiQian,aBuddhistscripturestranslatorintheThreeKingdomsPeriod(220–280),wasgenerallyacknowledgedbyChinesetranslationfieldasthefirsttexttoremarktranslation.Principlesmentionedinitthattranslationshouldfollowtheoriginalpurposeandkeepunadorned,whichwasconsideredtobetheinitialliteraltranslationtheorybysomescholarsandoneofthemostimportanttranslationprinciplesbymanytranslators.陈福康认为,此文“在中国译论史上的意义有三:其一,首次提出译事之不易。……其二,反映了早期‘质派’的译学观点。……其三,说明我国译论从一开始便深植于传统文化土壤之中。ChenFuKangthinkthatthistexthasthreeaspectsofsignificanceinthehistoryofChinesetranslationtheory:itfirstlyputforwardthedifficulty反译法oftranslation,secondlyreflectedtranslationstandpointsofprimitive“queryclique”andfinallyprovedthatChinesetranslationtheoryhasbeenrootedintraditionalculturalsoilfromtheverybeginning.2中国传统译论中有大量探讨翻译得失与困难的文字。其中东晋、前秦时期的高僧、翻译家道安的“五失本”、“三不易”之说最具代表性。TherearenumeroustextsdiscussinggainsandlossesanddifficultiesoftranslationinChinesetraditionaltranslationtheories.Ofwhich,“FiveDiscrepanciesandThreeDifficulties”ofT'ao-an,插入法eminentmonkandtranslatorintheeasternJinandtheearlyQindynasty,isthemostrepresentative.他在《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经钞序》中指出:Hedescribeddetailsinhisworks:(对课本中文言文部分的解释)所谓“五失本”,第一、胡文的词序是颠倒的,译时必须改从秦语语法;第二、秦人喜欢华美,要使读者满意,译文必须作一定的修饰;第三、胡经中同一意义,往往反复再三,译时不得不加以删削;第四、胡经于结尾处,要作一小结,将前文复述一遍,或一千字.或五百字,译时也得删除;第五、胡经中话已告一段落,将要另谈别事时,又把前话简述一遍,然后再开始,译时则又必须删除。所谓“三不易”,就是说,圣人是按当时的习俗来说话的,古今时俗不同,要使古俗适应今时;把古圣先贤的微言大义传达给后世的浅识者,很不容易;当时编写经书的都是大智慧的人,现在让平常人传译,很不易。译胡为秦,困难重重,稍有不慎,即可能使佛经失去本来面目。从翻译实践中认识翻译之障碍,指出有可能“失本”的五种倾向,道安的“五失本”、“三不易’’之说对翻译者如何避免背叛原文,具有警示作用。Buddhisttextsmaypossiblyloseitsoriginalsensebecauseofonerousdifficultiesandpotentialcarelessnessduringthetranslationprocessfrom“Hu”languageto“Qin”language.增译T'ao-an’stheoryrealizedobstaclesoftranslationfrompracticeandpointedoutfivetendenciesmayleadtoloseoriginalsense.Asaresult,his“FiveDiscrepanciesandThreeDifficulties”principlehaswarnedtranslatorsintermsofhowtoavoiddeviatingfromsourcetext.倒置3如张思洁在《中国传统译论范畴及体系》一书中所言,自《法句经序》起,中国传统翻译思想大略经历了形成、转折、发展和鼎盛四个阶段,这些翻译思想具有共同的历史和文化渊源:它们植根于中国的悠久文化,以中国古典文论、古代哲学及古典美学为其理论基础和基本方法;它们既相互独立又彼此联系,构成一条贯穿中国传统翻译思想的长轴。Forinstance,ZhangSijiesaidinChineseTraditionalTranslationTheoryCategoryandSystemthatsinceTheLawsScriptures,Chinesetraditionaltranslationthoughtshaveroughlyexperiencedfourstages:formation,transition,developmentandprosperity.ThesethoughtshavecommonhistoricalandculturalsourcethattheywereallrootedinChineselonghistory,whosetheoreticalbaseandfundamentalmethodsChinesefellonclassicalliteraltheory,ancientphilosophyandclassicalaesthetics倒置.AndtheyweredependentfromeachotheraswellasconnectedwitheachotherthustocomposealongaxisconnectingChinesetraditionaltranslationthoughts.4罗新璋则从这条长轴中理出四个概念,高度概括了传统译论的历程:案本-求信-神似-化境,这四个概念为我们探寻浩瀚的中国传统翻译思想提供了重要线索,是构筑我国传统译论的基础LuoXinzhanghadsummarizedfourconceptionsthatcanhighlygeneralizethedevelopmentprocessoftraditionaltranslationtheoryfromthisaxis:fidelitytotheoriginal,faithfulnesstothesourcetext,similarityinspiritandsublimationinmind,whichasthebasisofChinesetraditionaltranslationtheory,providedimportantcluestoexploreChinesetraditionaltranslationthoughtsforus.不论是以支谦、支谶为代表的“文质说”,还是严复的“信达雅”,又或是傅雷的“神似说”,钱钟书的“化境说”,都体现出与现当代翻译理论截然不同的认知角度和认知观念。对此,王宏印有十分精辟而恰当的归纳。他认为,中国传统译论有如下五个特点:“一、以道德为本位,强调译者道德修养和敬业从业为本的主体性意识。……二、服务公众和社会的群体本位思想。……三、人文主义的语言观而不是科学主义的语言观,始终是中国传统翻译实践的潜在的理论导向。……四、人文社科类作为主要文本翻译的类型,在材料内容、语言类型和运思方式上都倾向于文学翻译的艺术性,而不是科学翻译的科学性。……五、哲学的而非科学的、美学的而非宗教的,是中国传统译论的始终如一的理论基础。”Either“Meanings-BasedTheory”standbyZhiQianandZhiChen,YanFu’s“Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandEleganceTheory”orFuLei’s“SimilarityinSpiritTheory”andCh’ienChung-shu’s“SublimationTheory”,hadembodieddistinctcognitiveangleandconceptionfrommodernandcontemporarytranslationtheories.Asforthesetheories,WangHongyinhadatrulyincisivebutappropriatesummarythatChinesetraditionaltranslationtheoryhasfivefeaturesasfollowing:Firstlyitwasonthebasisofmoralityandemphasizedself-cultivationandprofessionalworking-basedsubjectivityawareness;Secondly,itincludedthestandard增译thoughtsofservingpublicandsocialgroups;Thirdly,notscientismbuthumanismlanguageviews,hasalwaysplayingapotentialtheoreticalleadingroleoftraditionaltranslationpractice;Fourthly,humanandsocialscienceworks,asthemaintypeoftexttranslation,intermsofmaterialcontent,languagetypeandthinkingmode,showedtendencytoartistryofliteraturetranslationnotscientificalnessofscientifictranslation;Finally,philosophynotscience,aestheticsnotreligionarealwaysthetheoreticalfoundationofChinesetraditionaltranslationtheory.5纵观中西传统译论,我们发现,在很长一段历史时期里,人们对于翻译活动的认识主要停留在经验和文本层面,更多的是从翻译的得失与困难以及对翻译方法与技巧的探索这两个方面来认识翻译。T