翻译理论与实践概述

翻译理论与实践——汉译英TheoryandPracticeofTranslation翻译学的组成1.翻译理论2.翻译史3.翻译的批评与批评研究（理论研究，实践研究）翻译研究可分三类：翻译研究translation由“什么是翻译”衍生而来理论过程研究translating理论译文研究translations理论也要回到“翻译是什么”的问题TheRoleofTranslationTheoryTheoreticalknowledgewillprovidethetranslatorwithanunderstandingofthenatureandtheprocessoftranslation,withtheawarenessofthedifferenttranslationtypesandmethods,withself-confidenceinhiscapability,withtheabilitytospeakabouttranslationinameta-language.NewStrategy:MarketOrientationOurgraduateshavetocompeteonthemarketwithallkindofpeoplepretendingtobetranslators.Wehavetomakecleartoourcustomersonthetranslationmarketthatwetrainourstudentsaccordingtothemarket’sneeds.Wehavealsotomakecleartothecustomersthatourgraduateswillbeofgreatvaluetothem.文化转向荷兰、比利时、以色列（所谓翻译研究学派）JamesHolmes蓝图LefevereBasnettLambertHermansEven-ZoharToury继承霍姆斯蓝图主张描写Chesterman必读：TouryHermansChestermanLefevereBasnettHolmsPeterNewmarkEugeneNidaJakobsonCatfordViney&Darbelnet和张培基类似Wilss,Neubert的语篇分析（理论）Newmark特别是翻译教学（实践）Gutt关联理论语用学功能主义：起源于翻译教学，对翻译实践的研究，至今仍处于领先地位。Reiss,Newmark,NordSnell-Hornby综合法（理论）Hatim，House理论功能语言学正在发展，大有作为的阶段。从语言内部向外放射。PeterNewmarkSemantictranslation&CommunicativetranslationEugeneNidaDynamicequivalence(Functionalequivalence)You’remodest.Youarebeingmodest.Astoneflopsintheriver.Astoneflopsontheground.扑通啪嗒TheadoptionofactivevoiceandpassivevoiceintranslatingJaneEyre.随他娘，像他妈，宛若其母takeafterhismalooklikehismomislikehismother.老娘新娘路上辛苦了。Ihopeyouhadapleasantjourney.Ihopethejourneywasnotentirelyintolerable.FromSenseandSensibility鹿柴王維空山不見人，但聞人語響。返景入深林，复照青苔上。Emptymountains:noonetobeseen.Yet—hear—humansoundsandechoes.Returningsunlightentersthedarkwoods;Againshiningonthegreenmoss,above.TranslatedbyGarySnyderDefinitionsoftranslation(1)AccordingtoNida(1959:19)translationis“producinginthetargetlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstlywithrespecttomeaningandsecondlywithrespecttostyle(Nida1959:19).InthetraditionofskopostheoryNord(1997:36)wrote:“TheSkoposofthetranslationdeterminestheformofequivalencerequiredforanadequatetranslation”Definitionsoftranslation(2)Larson1998:19formulatestranslationasfollows:Thetranslator’sgoalshouldbetoreproduceinthereceptorlanguageatextwhichcommunicatesthesamemessageasthesourcelanguagebyusingthenaturalgrammaticalandlexicalchoicesofthereceptorlanguage.TranslatorEducationItisafatalerrortoconsider“knowledgeoflanguage”asbeingsynonymouswiththe“abilitytotranslate”.Ourintention:TranslationprogramsmustbecomesynonymouswithtranslationqualityTobeornottobebiculturalthatisthequestion?TranslationCompetencesinTranslationStudiesTranslationsub-competences(1)Languagecompetence:KnowledgeofthegrammaticalandthelexicalsystemsofthesourceandthetargetlanguagesCommunicativeandmetalinguisticcompetencesTranslationsub-competences(2)Textualcompetence:Knowledgeofregularitiesandconventionsoftexts,genres,texttypes,includingtypographicalregularities.Translationsub-competences(3)Subjectcompetence=domainspecificcompetenceKnowledgeoftherelevantsubjectAreaofexpertiseTranslationsub-competences(4)Culturalcompetence=interculturalcompetenceTranslatorshavetomediatebetweenthecultureofthesourcetextandthatofthetargettextTranslatorshavetobeinterculturalcompetentTranslationsub-competences(5)TransfercompetenceThisentailstheabilitytoproducetargettextsthatsatisfythedemandsofthetranslationtask;includingtheabilitytonegotiateandcollaboratewithothertranslatorsandsubjectmatterexpertstoaccomplishthetaskathand,i.e.,thesocialaspectsofthetranslationeventCompetencesintheprofessionalworldoftranslationThenewEuropeanstandardfortranslationservices,EN15038:2006,mentions5sub-competencesfortheprofessionalcompetencesoftranslators:1.researchcompetence,informationacquisitionandprocessing,2.linguisticandtextualcompetenceinthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage,3.culturalcompetence,and4.translatingcompetence,5.technicalcompetence.TranslatingcompetenceTranslatingcompetencecomprisestheabilitytotranslatetextstotherequiredlevel.Itincludestheabilitytoassesstheproblemsfortextcomprehensionandtextproductionaswellastheabilitytorenderthetargettextinaccordancewiththeclient-TSP(TSP=TranslationServiceProvider)agreement.LinguisticandtextualcompetenceinthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageLinguisticandtextualcompetenceincludestheabilitytounderstandthesourcelanguageandhavecompletemasteryofthetargetlanguage.Textualcompetencerequiresknowledgeoftexttypeconventionsforaswidearangeofstandard-languageandspecialisedtextsaspossible,andincludestheabilitytoapplythisknowledgewhenproducingtexts(ibid)Researchcompetence,informationacquisitionandprocessingResearchcompetenceincludestheabilityefficientlytoacquiretheadditionallinguisticandspecialisedknowledgenecessarytounderstandthesourcetextandtoproducethetargettext.Researchcompetencealsorequiresexperienceintheuseofresearchtoolsandtheabilitytodevelopsuitablestrategiesfortheefficientuseoftheinformationsourcesavailable.CulturalcompetenceCulturalcompetenceincludestheabilitytomakeuseofinformationabout