Unit 7 Cause and Effect

Unit7CauseandEffectContents•I.CauseandEffectAnalysis•II.TypesofCause-EffectPattern•III.Cause-and-EffectDiscouseatParagraphLevel•IV.Howtowriteacause-and-effectparagraphI.CauseandEffectAnalysis•Causeandeffectanalysisisaformoflogicalwritinginwhichthewriterexaminesthecausesand/oreffectsofsomething.Incauseandeffectanalysis,thecauseusuallyreferstooneorseveralactions，events，attitudes，andconditionsinthepast，whichexplainswhysomethinghappened.IthelpstoanswerthequestionWhy?Theeffect，ontheotherhand，examinestheconsequencesofthecause.ItanswersthequestionSowhat?1.1WritingApplication•Theapplicationofsuchanalysisis:•Toexplainwhycertainthingshappen；•Toanalyzewhatwillhappenasaresult；•Toorganizeandpresentideasinalogicalway.1.2WritingPurpose•Generallyspeaking,thepurposeofwritingacauseandeffectessayistofindoutandanalyzeboththecauseandtheeffectofacertainevent.Butinsomecases,youressaymayjustfocusonthecausesofacertaineventorjustontheeffectsofacertainevent.•Therefore,whenyouarecollectingmaterialsforthewriting,youshouldknowclearlywhetheryouaregoingtofindoutthecausesoranalyzetheeffects,orboth.Ifyouaregoingtofindoutthecausesforacertainevent,youlookbackonthepasttoseewhatcausesittohappen.Ontheotherhand,ifyouaregoingtoanalyzetheeffectsofacertainevent,youlookintothefuturetomakesomepredictions.Alwaysremembertoconsideryouraudience!Englishwriting21.3FormationofaCause-and-EffectEssay•I.Introduction:anythingthatwillgetyourreadertoask“Why”or“Whydidyousaythat?”e.g.Smokinghasanumberofbadeffectsonpeople,bothsmokersandnon-smokersaroundthem.•II.Body:thecausesandeffectsofacertainevent•III.Conclusion:youmayadvisethereaders,predictthefutureorsummarizethepointsmentionedinthebodyparagraph.1.4SemanticStructureOrientation(gettingyourreaderstoaskwhyorsowhat)→causesand/oreffectsofacertainevent(dependingonthewritingpurposes)→coda(makingaconclusion)Englishwriting2II.TypesofCause-EffectPattern2.1CasualChainJim’sfatherhasabadtemper,andheoftenbeatsJim’smotherandthekids.(domesticviolence)Jim’smotherleavesJim’sfather,takingthesonwithher.Example:WithshabbyincomefromJim’smother,thefamilyisinshortofmoney,sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems.TheboyfriendofJim’smothermovesintohelpthefamilyfinances.Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway.ahomelesschildcauseeffect(cause)effect(cause)effect(cause)effectthemostimmediateeffect2.2Cause因-Effect果PeerPressureSinceIattendcollege,Ifeelmoreandmorepeerpressure.WhileIusedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool,andwasalwayspraisedbyteachersandenviedbypeers,nowIfindtherearealotoftalentedpeersincollegeandIamtemporarilyandrelativelypoorinacademicperformance.Therefore,IfeelthatIhavechangedfromaherotoazero.Example:Cause&EffectRelationTopic:peerpressureCauseusedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool,praisedbyteachers,enviedbypeers;nowalotoftalentedpeersincollege,poorinacademicperformanceEffectfromaherotoazero•Whathassparkedtheincreasinginterestinexercise?Foronething,peoplehavegainedagreaterawarenessoftheneedforphysicalfitness.Foranother,theconstantlyimprovingstandardoflivingenablesChinesepeopletopatronizetheincreasingnumberofrecreationalvenues.Themainthingperhapscentersonthehealthcareandpsychologicalbenefitsexerciseprovides.什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的原因可能在于锻炼带来的身心健康的双赢。SentencePatterntoFollowEffectCause1Cause2Cause3Cause&EffectRelationTopic:MylearningexperienceinjuniorschoolCauseIhadakindandpatientteacherwhooftenpraisedallofthestudents.EffectBecauseofthispositivemethod,IeagerlyansweredallthequestionsIcould,neverworryingmuchaboutmakingmistakes.Iwasatthetopofmyclassfortwoyears.•Thedeepimpactofopeningtotheoutsideworldisreadilydiscernibleinanumberofareas:theadoptionofmanyWesternhabits,bothgoodandbad;changingsocialandmoralvalues;thetrendtowardsindividualism;andtheintroductionofstate-of-the-artconceptsandtechnology.ThekeytoadoptingWesternwaycentersonacceptingthegoodandrejectingthebad.对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。SentencePatterntoFollowIII.Cause-and-EffectDiscouseatParagraphLevel•3.1主题句“果”“果因”型语段•3.2主题句“因”“因果”型语段•3.3主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点•3.4“果-因-果”型语段•3.5“因-果-因-果”型语段•ThereisnolifeonEarth.(S1)Foronething,Earth’ssurfaceintheareaofManhattan（曼哈顿）iscomposedofsolidconcrete(混凝土)andnothingcangrowthere.(S2)Foranother,theatmosphereisfilledwithcarbonmonoxide（一氧化碳）andotherdeadlygasesandnobodycouldpossiblybreathethisairandsurvive.(S3)topicsentence主题S1effect(果)S2S3cause2(因)cause1(因)分析•主题句“果”，“果因”型语段•Therapidlyemergingsexualrevolutionhasbeenaccompaniedbymanydisturbingtrends.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequencescenterontherapidspreadofsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs),risingprostitutionandtheriseinAIDScases.伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势。最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。SentencePatterntoFollow•主题句“因”“因果”型语段•Thetwo-dayweekendissincerelypopularwithcollegestudents.Itoffersstudentsmoreleisuretimefortheirhobbiesandentertainments,whichhelpthemrelaxcompletelyafterfive-dayhardwork.Italsorelievesthepressureonthemfromtoomanycoursesandassignments.Therefore,manystudentstrytoenjoythemselvesin