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SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.AUniversityDegreeNoLongerConfersFinancialSecurityA．Millionsofschool-leaversintherichworldareabouttobidatearfulgoodbyetotheirparentsandstartanewlifeatuniversity.Someareinspiredbyapureloveoflearning.Butmostalsobelievethatspendingthreeorfouryearsatuniversity--andaccumulatinghugedebtsintheprocess--willboosttheirchancesoflandingawell-paidandsecurejob.B．Theireldershavealwaystoldthemthateducationisthebestwaytoequipthemselvestothriveinaglobalisedworld.Blue-collarworkerswillseetheirjobsoutsourcedandautomated,thefamiliarargumentgoes.Schooldropoutswillhavetocopewithalifeofcash-strapped(资金紧张的)insecurity.Butthegraduateelitewillhavetheworldatitsfeet.Thereissomeevidencetosupportthisview.ArecentstudyfromGeorgetownUniversity'sCentreonEducationandtheWorkforcearguesthatobtainingapost-secondarycredential(证书)isalmostalwaysworthit.Educationalqualificationsaretightlycorrelatedwithearnings:anAmericanwithaprofessionaldegreecanexpecttopocket$3.6moveralifetime;onewithmerelyahigh-schooldiplomacanexpectonly$1.3m.Thegapbetweenmore-andless-educatedearnersmaybewidening.Astudyin2002foundthatsomeonewithabachelor'sdegreecouldexpecttoearn75%moreoveralifetimethansomeonewithonlyahigh-schooldiploma.Todaythedisparityisevengreater.C．Butisthepastareliableguidetothefuture?Orareweatthebeginningofanewphaseintherelationshipbetweenjobsandeducation?Therearegoodreasonsforthinkingthatoldpatternsareabouttochange--andthatthecurrentrecession-drivendownturn(衰退)inthedemandforWesterngraduateswillmorph(改变)intosomethingstructural.Thestrongwindofcreativedestructionthathasshakensomanyblue-collarworkersoverthepastfewdecadesisbeginningtoshakethecognitiveeliteaswell.D．Thesupplyofuniversitygraduatesisincreasingrapidly.TheChronicleofHigherEducationcalculatesthatbetween1990and2007thenumberofstudentsgoingtouniversityincreasedby22%inNorthAmerica,74%inEurope,144%inLatinAmericaand203%inAsia.In2007150mpeopleattendeduniversityaroundtheworld,including70minAsia.Emergingeconomies—speciallyChina--arepouringresourcesintobuildinguniversitiesthatcancompetewiththeeliteofAmericaandEurope.Theyarealsoproducingprofessional-servicesfirmssnchasTataConsultingServicesandInfosysthattakefreshgraduatesandturnthemintoworld-classcomputerprogrammersandconsultants.Thebestandthebrightestoftherichworldmustincreasinglycompetewiththebestandthebrightestfrompoorercountrieswhoarewillingtoworkharderforlessmoney.E.Atthesametime,thedemandforeducatedlaborisbeingreconfigured(重新配置)bytechnology,inmuchthesamewaythatthedemandforagriculturallaborwasreconfiguredinthe19thcenturyandthatforfactorylaborinthe20th.Computerscannotonlyperformrepetitivementaltasksmuchfasterthanhumanbeings.Theycanalsoempoweramateurstodowhatprofessionalsoncedid:whyhireaflesh-and-bloodaccountanttocompleteyourtaxreturnwhenTurbotax(asoftwarepackage)willdothejobatafractionofthecost?Andthevarietyofjobsthatcomputerscandoismultiplyingasprogrammersteachthemtodealwithtoneandlinguisticambiguity.F.Severaleconomists,includingPaulKrugman,havebeguntoarguethatpost-industrialsocietieswillbecharacterizednotbyarelentlessriseindemandfortheeducatedbutbyagreathollowingout,asmid-leveljobsaredestroyedbysmartmachinesandhigh-leveljobgrowthslows.DavidAutor,oftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),pointsoutthatthemaineffectofautomationinthecomputereraisnotthatitdestroysblue-collarjobsbutthatitdestroysanyjobthatcanbereducedtoaroutine.AlanBlinderofPrincetonUniversity,arguesthatthejobsgraduateshavetraditionallyperformedareifanythingmoreoffshorablethanlow-wageones.Aplumberorlorry-driver'sjobcannotbeoutsourcedtoIndia.Acomputerprogrammer'scan.G.Auniversityeducationisstillaprerequisiteforenteringsomeofthegreatindustries,suchasmedicine,lawandacademia(学术界),thatprovidesecureandwell-payingjobs.Overthe20thcenturytheseindustriesdidawonderfuljobofraisingbarrierstoentry--sometimesforgoodreasons(nobodywantstobeoperatedonbyabarber)andsometimesforself-interestedones.Buttheseindustriesarebeginningtobendtheroles.Newspapersarefightingalosingbattlewiththeblogosphere.Universitiesarereplacingtenure-trackprofessorswithnon-tenuredstaff.Lawfirmsarecontractingoutroutineworksuchasdiscovery(diggingupdocumentsrelevanttoalawsuit)tocomputerized-searchspecialistssuchasBlackstoneDiscovery.Evendoctorsarethreatened,aspatientsfindadviceonlineandtreatmentinWalmart'snewhealthcenters.H.ThomasMaloneofMITarguesthatthesechanges--automation,globalizafionandderegulation--maybepartofabiggerchange:theapplicationofthedivisionoflabortobrain-work.AdamSmith'sfactorymanagersbroketheproductionofpinsinto18components.Inthesameway,companiesareincreasinglybreakingtheproductionofbrain-workintoevertinierslices.TopCoderchopsupITprojectsintobite-sizedchunksandthenservesthemuptoaworldwideworkforceoffreela