《英语词汇学》复习资料

《英语词汇学》复习资料Chapter11.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman，’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand，thesamesound/rait/canmeanright，riteandwrite，thoughdenotingdifferentthings，yethavethesamesound.3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage4.Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomenamostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelationsworldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimalsaction，size，domain，statenumerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–pastelectricity，machine，car，plane——now3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanothertoremove5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandotherse.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgoldNon-basicvocabulary——1.terminology–technicaltermsphotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasionsdoughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.4.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroupscan-opener，dip，persuadercant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailoldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.b.Contentwordsaregrowing.Functionalwordsremainstable.c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords，50000-60000Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcupfromcuppa（L）2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspellinge.g.décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaninge.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）blackhumorfromhumornoirlongtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesounde.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）lamafromlama（Tib）ketchuptea4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguagee.g.stupidolddumpnewsassydreamoldjoyandpeacepioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringworknewamemberoftheyoungpioneerfresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheekyChapter2Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）Balto–SlavicIndo-IranianItalicGermanicPrussianPersianPortugueseNorwegianLithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandiePolishItalianDanishBulgarianRoumanianSwedishSlovenianFrenchEnglishRussianGermanAlbanianArmenianCelticHellenicIrishGreekBretonScottish2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50，000-60，000wordsThe1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic.ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.TheGermanictribescalledangl