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《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1.Nativewords本族词WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativewords.2.Loanwords借词Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.3.Slangwords俚语Slangwordsarethosewordsofavigorous,colourful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.4.Functionwords功能词Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesthatservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.5.Contentwords实义词Contentwordsareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning.6.Freeforms自由形式Formswhichoccurassentencesarefreeforms.Two:1.Morphemes语素MorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitsofEnglishlanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.2.Allomorphs语素变体Allomorphsareanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.3.Freemorpheme自由语素Freemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.4.Boundmorpheme粘着语素Boundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.5.Root词根Rootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordanditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.6.Affix词缀Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.7.Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀Inflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.8.Derivationalaffix派生词缀Derivationalaffixisthekindofaffixesthathasspecificlexicalmeaninghandcanderiveawordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.9.Prefixes前缀Prefixesareaffixesaddedbeforewords.10.Suffixes后缀Suffixesareaffixesaddedafterwords.Three1.Word-formationrules构词规则Word-formationrulesdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.2.Stem词干Stemisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.3.Base词基Baseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.4.Compounding合成法Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.5.Derivation派生法Derivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.6.Conversion转化法Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.7.Prefixation前缀法Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.8.Suffixation后缀法Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.Four:1.Initialism首字母连写词Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphraseanditispronouncedletterbyletter.2.Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronymsarewordformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,andtheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.3.Clipping截短法Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.4.Blending拼缀法Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.5.Back-formation逆成法Back-formationisatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.6.Reduplication重叠法Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelsoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.7.Neoclassicalformation新古典词构成法NeoclassicalformationistheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek.Five:1.Conventionality约定俗成Itisthecharacteristicsofrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense:thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.2.Motivation理据Motivationreferstothedirectconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.3.Echoic/onomatopoeicwords拟声词Echoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsarewordsmotivatedphoneticallywhosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.4.Morphologicalmotivation语素结构理据Awordismorphologicallymotivatedifadirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.5.Semanticmotivation语义理据Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactorsanditisusuallyprovidedbythefigurativeusageofwords.6.Grammaticalmeaning语法意义Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm.7.Inflectionalparadigm词形变化Thesetofgrammaticalformsofawordiscalleditsinflectionalparadigm.Nounsaredeclined,verbsareconjugatedandgradableadjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.8.Denotativemeaning外延意义Thedenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.9.Connotativemeaning内涵意义Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind.10.Socialorstylisticmeaning社会意义Socialmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.11.Affectivemeaning情感意义Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.12.Componentialanalysis语义成分分析Theconceptualmeaningordenotativemeaningcanbebrokendownintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponentswhi