心文化与心理学——兼谈21世纪东西方文化的交融彭鹏HeartCultureandPsychology——Alsoonthe21stCenturyBlendofEasternandWesternCulturesPengpeng3摘要与关键词•摘要:“心”作为中国文化的基本范畴之一,其主要内涵是指人的内在精神世界。在中国文化的视野中,人的内心世界可分为道心(或心灵)和人心(或心理)两个基本的层面。东方心文化总体上侧重于道心层面,并通过“内求于心”的直觉内省式心法达到“以心合道”、“天人合一”的境界,实现内在超越和工夫、本体与境界的圆融贯通,成就某种神圣人格,从而形成了一种内心体验式形而上学思想体系;西方主流心理学侧重于心理层面,并试图通过科学实证研究达到对心理现象的客观真实了解。心理学的科学情结给其自身带来了学科体系分裂等消极后果,从而助推了人本主义心理学、超个人心理学、荣格的分析心理学等人文心理学的兴盛,并在客观上促进了心文化与心理学的沟通与融合。•关键词:心人心道心心文化心理学4AbstractandKeyWords•Abstract:Heart,asoneofthefundamentalCategoryofChineseculture,itsmainconnotationreferstoaperson'sinnerspiritualworld.InthevisionofChineseculture,aperson'sinnerspiritualworldcanbedividedintotwobasiclevels,includingTaoheart(orheart,soul)andhumanheart(orpsychology,mentality).TheOrientalheartcultureoverallfocusesontheTaoheartlevel,andthroughtheintuitiveintrospectiveheartpracticeofexplorewithinthehearttoachievetherealmofCultivatingHeartHopTaoHeavenandManIntegration,achieveinnertranscending,harmonicallylinkingontologywithskillandrealm,makeasacredcharacter,thusformakindofexperiencemetaphysicalsystemsofthought.5•Abstract:Westernmainstreampsychologyfocusesonhumanheartlevel,andtriestoreachanobjectiveunderstandingofthepsychologicalphenomenathroughscientificempiricalstudies.Thesciencecomplexofpsychologybroughtaboutthenegativeconsequencesofdivisionforitsowndisciplinarysystem,therebyboostingthehumanisticpsychology,transpersonalpsychology,Jung'sanalyticalpsychologyandotherhumanisticschoolsofpsychology,andobjectivelypromotedthecommunicationandintegrationoftheheartcultureandpsychology.•keywords:Heart,HumanHeart,TaoHeart,HeartCulture,PsychologyAbstractandKeyWords6摘要与关键词c道心(心灵)内证心法实证研究人心(心理)东方心文化西方心理学体验的形而上学实证的科学体系沟通与融合7AbstractandKeyWordscTaoheart(heart)heartmethodempiricalstudieshumanheart(psychology)orientalheartculturewesternpsychologyexperiencemetaphysicsempiricalsciencecommunicationandintegration8一、人心与道心:心文化的内涵与方法•“心”的内涵–在中国文化中,“心”作为人独有的灵明觉性,泛指人的思维、思想、意识、情感、欲望以及灵魂、人性等精神心理现象的总和。•“人心”与“道心”的由来–根据《尚书》中“十六字心传”与《荀子》的有关论述将“心”分为“道心”(心灵)与“人心”(心理)两个层面。人心惟危道心惟微惟精惟一允执厥中“故《道经》曰:‘人心之危,道心之微’,危微之几,唯明君子而后能知之。”——荀子91.TaoHeartandHumanHeart:theMeaningandMethodsofHeartCulture•Themeaningofheart–InChineseculture,heartasaperson'suniquespiritualawareness,makeageneralreferencetoallkindsofmentalphenomenasuchasthinking,thoughts,consciousness,feelings,desires,soul,spiritetc.•Theoriginof“humanheart”and“Taoheart”―Accordingtothe“Sixteen-CharacterHeartPrinting”in“BookofHistory”and“Xunzi”.人心惟危道心惟微惟精惟一允执厥中“故《道经》曰:‘人心之危,道心之微’,危微之几,唯明君子而后能知之。”——荀子10一、人心与道心:心文化的内涵与方法•“道心”的内涵与特点–与天道、天理相通之心,是人的先验本性,因此也被称为性、心神、本心、元神、自性等。道心就是天道在人身上的贯注和内化,是清净、真实、完整和静定的,是得道成圣的象征。道,不远而难极也,与人并处而难得也。虚其欲,神将入舍;扫除不洁,神乃留处。”——《管子》庄子以其知得其心,以其心得其常心111.TaoHeartandHumanHeart:theMeaningandMethodsofHeartCulture•TheconnotationandfeaturesofTaoheart–TheTaoheartisaheartinterlinkedwithHeavenandTao,apriorhumannature,it’salsoknownasthehumannature,soul,self-consciousheart,heartofheaven,spiritbody,PrimalSpiritandsoon.TaoheartisTaoabsorbedandinternalizedinthehumanbody,itispure,true,completeandstaticallydeterminate,andasymbolofenlightenmentandsanctification.庄子以其知得其心,以其心得其常心道,不远而难极也,与人并处而难得也。虚其欲,神将入舍;扫除不洁,神乃留处。”——《管子》12一、人心与道心:心文化的内涵与方法•“人心”的内涵与特点–“人心”是指人的觉知与欲望之心,是思虑、分析判断、情欲取舍等心理活动的主体。道心作为后天社会化的产物,是外在、肤浅、分裂和有染的,亦被称为机心、成心、分别心、识神、小我等。心以藏心,心之中又有心焉。彼心之心,音(意)以先言。——《管子》131.TaoHeartandHumanHeart:theMeaningandMethodsofHeartCulture•Theconnotationandfeaturesofhumanheart–Thehumanheartreferstopeople'sawareness,desires,judgments,lustandothermentalactivities.Asaproductofsocialization,thehumanheartisexternal,superficial,splitandpolluted,andalsoknownascalculatingheart,ConsciousSpirit,mentalheart,SmallEgoandsoon.心以藏心,心之中又有心焉。彼心之心,音(意)以先言。——《管子》14一、人心与道心:心文化的内涵与方法•“道心”与人心的关系–道心与人心是体与用、本与末的关系。人心源于道心并最终返还于道心。道心体用人心复归派生151.TaoHeartandHumanHeart:theMeaningandMethodsofHeartCultural•TherelationshipbetweenTaoheartandhumanheart–TherelationshipbetweenTaoheartandhumanheartisarelationshipbetweenontologyandthefunction.ThehumanheartisfromTaoheartandeventuallyreturnstoTaoheart.体用道心体用人心复归派生16一、人心与道心:心文化的内涵与方法•“道心”与人心的关系–类似于现代心理学所讲的心灵和心理。心理是较为外在的意识和个体潜意识,涉及生理与刺激,属于科学的范畴;心灵则是内在的精神,涉及人性的本质、人的来源与归宿、人的超越性等方面的内容,属于人文范畴。–东方心文化侧重于道心及其直觉体验,从而形成体验的形而上学;西方心理学侧重于心理及其实证研究,从而形成科学的理论体系。171.TaoHeartandHumanHeart:theMeaningandMethodsofHeartCulture•TherelationshipbetweenTaoheartandhumanheart–Theyaresimilartothesoulandmentalitystressedinmodernpsychology.Mentalityistheexternalconsciousnessandindividualunconsciousness,involvingphysiologyandstimulus,belongingtothescopeofscience;soulistheinnerspirit,involvingtheessenceofhumannature,human'soriginandultimatedestination,humantranscendenceandotheraspects,belongingtohumanity.–TheheartculturefocusesontheTaoheartbyintrospecttoformanexperiencemetaphysics;Westernpsychologyfocusesonthehumanheartbyempiricalresearchtoformascientifictheoreticalsystem.18一、人心与道心:心文化的内涵与方法•心文化之心法–心法的本质:通过一系列可操作性的心性修炼方法以达到修心合道、“天人合一”的目的。其要点是通过虚、静、诚、专注等心智训练工夫实现从“人心”返还“道心”或“心死神活”。致虚极,守静笃。虚其心,实其腹,弱其志,强其骨。居善地,心善渊。夫惟不争,故无忧。191.TaoHeartandHumanHeart:theMeaningandMethodsofHeartCulture•Heartmeth