丽燕教育1初中英语语法三大从句一、定语从句名词或代词之后的从句叫做定语从句,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的。例:1.ThisisthesecondarticlethatIhavewritteninEnglish.2.Itisthebestfilmthathehaseverseen.3.ThisistheverybookthatIwanttoread.4.Allthattheytoldmesurprisedme.5.Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.6.Whoisthegirlthatwasthere?7.Thereisabedintheroomthatisstillvacant.8.Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying,obviouslymad.9.AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.(一)、关系代词引导的定语从句1、关系代词who,whom和whose的用法关系词在从句中的作用例句关系代词who主语Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.whom宾语MrSmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking.Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate?whose定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.that主语、宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which主语、宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.as主语、宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.关系副词when时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.where地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.why原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.丽燕教育2who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如:Anarchitectisapersonwhodesignsbuildings.建筑师是设计房屋的人。Iwillneverforgettheteacherwhotaughtuschemistryinthefirstyearofmyseniormiddleschool.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyonewhowantstoapplyforthisjobmustsendustheresumebyemailfirst.想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如:Doyouknowthegentlemanwhomwemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?Thisisthestudentwhommyfathertaughttenyearsago.这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。ThegirlwhoIsawiscalledMary.我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。(在非正式英语中,主格who代替了宾格whom,亦可省略)whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如:Thegirlstudentwhosefatherisaseniorengineerusedtostudyabroad.其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Doyouknowthenameofthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用ofwhichwhosewindow=thewindowofwhich,意思是:thewindowofthehotel。)2、关系代词which的用法which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:Idonotlikestorieswhichhaveunhappyendings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)Tomworksforafactorywhichmakeswatches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that)3、关系代词that的用法that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:Isshethegirlthatsellsnewspapers?丽燕教育3她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)Whereistheice-creamthatwasinthefridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)Isthisthebookthatyouwanttobuy?这是你要买的那本书吗?(that可以换成which(二)、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个:when,where,why,thetimewhentheplacewherethereasonwhy1、关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。例如:InBeijingJulyandAugustarethemonthswhenitrainsveryoften.DoyourememberthedaywhenwefirstwenttotheSummerPalace?Ihaven’tseenhersincetheyearwhenIleftTokyo.2、关系副词where的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。例如:DuringtheSpringFestivalIwentbacktothetownwhereIwasbroughtup.ThisistheplacewhereLiBaioncelived.ThisistheplacethatLiBaioncevisited.3、关系副词why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。例如:ThereasonwhyIamphoningyouistoaskyouwhetheryouhavegotmyemail.Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelatetoschool.注意:如果上面的句子将thereason省略,那么这个句子就变成了(Thisiswhyhecamelatetoschool.)表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。五、关系代词who,which与that的区别(一)关系代词who与that的区别1.当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。例如:Hewholoseshopelosesall.失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he,they,any,all,one等时,多用who)ImetAlice,whotoldmethatshewaslearningChinese.丽燕教育4我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语从句中,用who)2.当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that。例如:ThemantowhomourheadmastertalkedjustnowisourEnglishteacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who)注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:(1)ThemanwhomourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.(2)ThemanwhoourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.(3)ThemanthatourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.(4)ThemanourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.第4句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。3.当关系代词泛指人时,多用that。例如:Heisamanthatisneverafraidoffailure.他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)4.当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:WhoisthegirlthatistalkingtoTominEnglish?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清)(二)关系代词which与that的区别1.当先行词为all,much,little以及不定代词anything,something,everything等时,关系代词多用that。例如:Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。Shetoldmeeverythingthatsheknew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2.当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词theonly,thevery,all,every,any,no等时,关系代词一般都用that。例如:ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。Heistheonlypersonthathasbeeninvitedtotheball.他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3.当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:丽燕教育5Whichwasthehotelthatwasrecommendedtotheforeignguest?哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆?(这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which)4.在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用which。例如:Beijing,whichisthecapitalofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,willhostthe2008OlympicGames.北京是中华人民共和国的首都,将主办2008年奥运会。5.介词后的关系代词用which,而不用that。例如:Shehascollected600stamps,60%ofwhichareGermanstamps.她收集了600张邮票,其中60%是德国邮票。六、定语从句的位置如前所述,定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候,定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如:楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫。很明显,她疯了。(定语从句whowasshoutingandcrying修饰thegirl,被upstairs所隔开)明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。(定语从句置于句末以示强调)B、宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下:一,引导词A,由that引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say,think,wish,hope,see,believe,agree,expect,hear,feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作