自考英美文学霍桑 Nathaniel_Hawthorne

AmericanRomanticismLet’sdosomeReview!!!BackgroundHistoricallyWestwardexpansionEconomicallyBurgeoningindustrialismPoliticallyTheideaofdemocracyandequality,etcCulturallyTheappearanceofnewspapers,magazines,etc.ExternalInfluencefromtheRomanticMovementinEnglandandEurope.Characteristics/FeaturesBothimitativeanddistinctive.DistinctiveFeatures1.Thewildernessofthewest(richmaterials/thedesiretoescapefromsocietyandreturntonature2.Nationalconsciousness(localdialects)3.AmericanPuritanism(moralize/originalsin)4.NewEnglandTranscendentalism（超验主义）isthemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.MajorWritersPoets:PhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryW.Longfellow,WaltWhitman,etc.Fictionwriters:WashingtonIrving---comicfablesEdgarAllenPoe---gothictalesJamesFenimoreCooper---frontieradventuresHermanMelville---narrativequestsNathanielHawthorne---psychologicalromancesProseWriters:EmersonandThoreauDifferentUnderstandingTranscendentalists:manisdivineinnature.(EmersonandThoreau)Puritanwriters:(originalsin)everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisindispensablefortheimprovementofhumannature.(HawthorneandMelville)Exercises1.TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendof()totheoutbreakof().A.The17thcentury;theAmericanWarofIndependenceB.The18thcentury;theAmericanCivilWarC.The17thcentury;theAmericanCivilWarD.The18thcentury;theAmericanWarofIndependence2.TheAmerican()asaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesintheAmericanRomanticPeriod.A.PuritanismB.Atheism(无神论)C.Deism(自然神论)D.CynicismDosomeNathanielHawthorneI.纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)BiographyAmericannovelistandshortstorywriterinthe19thcentury.ChildhoodBornJuly4,1804inSalem,Massachusetts(美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇),intoaprominentPuritanfamily.Fatherdiedofyellowfeverwhenhewas4yearsold.Senttoprivateschoolbyhismaternalrelatives.SenttoBowdoinCollegeinMaine.Hawthorne’sbirthplaceSalem,MABirthplaceofNathanielHawthorneBoston,MASettingofTheScarletLetterCollegeinMaine(1821-1825)ClassmatesincludedPierceandLongfellow.•FranklinPierce:futurePresidentoftheU.S.•HenryW.Longfellow:poet,educator,linguist.FranklinPierceReclusive(隐居的)YearsinSalemReturnedtoSalemandlivedinsolitudefor12years.•Harvestedhisbackgroundandgatheredliterarymaterialbyobservingandbyreadingthechronicles.•Addeda“w”tohisnamein1830duetohisshameofhisfamily’shistory.Hathorne--------HawthorneHisAncestralBurdenHawthornewas“burdenedbythemisdeedsofnotorious(臭名昭著的)Puritanancestors”.WilliamHathorne:OneofHawthorne’sancestors,hemigratedtoAmericawiththePuritansin1630.Hewasresponsibleforthepersecution(迫害)ofQuakers(教友派信徒).JohnHathorne(sonofWilliamHathorne):Nathaniel’sgreat-grandfather“wasaprosecuting…magistrate(法官/judge)attheinfamous1692witchtrialsinSalem…”SalemWitchTrialsBackintoSocietyBecameaneditorin1836.AppointedtotheBostonCustomHouse（波士顿海关）in1839.BecameengagedtoSophiaPeabody,marriedin1842.MovedtoConcord,whereheJoinedthewritingcirclesofThoreauandEmerson.GovernmentalOfficesServedasasurveyoroftheSalemCustomHousebetween1846-49.Ousted(罢黜)fromthejobwhenthewinningpartyfiredhimtoputintheirownpeople.WroteabiographyforPierceandappointedtheU.S.Consul（领事，大使）toLiverpool.FinalDaysReturnedtotheUSin1860.Becameill&underwentalossofliterarycreativity.JourneyedtotheWhiteMountainshopingtorestorehishealthbutdiedinPlymouthonMay19,1864.HistombatSleepyHollowCemetery,Concord,MAII.MajorWorksMajorWorksCollectionsofShortStories:Twice-toldTales《故事新编》(1837)(“TheMinister’sBlackVeil”《教长的黑纱》…)MossesfromanOldManse«古宅青苔»(1846)(“YoungGoodmanBrown”《小伙子布朗》…)TheSnow–ImageandOtherTwice-toldTales(1851)Novels•TheScarletLetter《红字》(1850)•TheHouseoftheSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》(1851)•TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》(1852)•TheMarbleFaun《大理石雕像》(1860)DescriptionofHisWorks(p431)HisShortStoriesbestdemonstratehisearlyobsessionwiththemoralandpsychologicalconsequencesofpride,selfishness,andsecretguiltthatmanifestthemselvesinhumanbeings.TheScarletLetterisregardedashismasterpiece.TheHouseoftheSevenGableswasbasedonthetraditionofacursepronouncedontheauthor’sfamily.(“themostvaluablecontributiontoNewEnglandhistorythathasbeenmade”)TheBlithedaleRomanceisanovelhewrotetorevealhisownexperiencesontheBrookFarmandhisownmethodsasapsychologicalnovelist.TheMarbleFaunisaromancesetinItaly,whichisconcernedaboutthedarkaberrations(失常，错乱)ofthehumanspirit.(hisonlyworkwritteninthefirstperson)III.PointofViewHawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.HewasawareofthemisdeedsofhisPuritanancestors,whichledtohisunderstandingofevilatthecoreofhumanlifeandhis“black”visionoflifeandhumanbeings.Melville:“霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能完全摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响。”Hawthorne’s“Black”Vision(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.“Thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayremainlatent;butcircumstancesmayrouseittoactivity.”(p431)HerejectstheTranscendentalistoptimismandlooksmoredeeplyandmorehonestlyintolife,findingmuchsuffering&conflictinit.Literatureshould“showhowwe