研究生专业英语第七讲

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Special-ScientificandTechnicalEnglishSpeaker:HaiyanWangDr.Prof.1.如何写好英文文章的实验及结果1.1.实验部分ExperimentsorMaterialsandMethods1)回答两个问题:自已做了什么?自已又是如何做的?2)作用一是让同领域的研究者也能重复和验证作者的研究方法;二是证明作者所采用的方法是经过认真仔细考虑的、能被认可的正确方法;三对作者的研究工作质量做出判断,即在展现研究结果的可信度和有效性方面,该部分是一个非常关键的部分。3)基本内容及结构A.对采用材料、仪器仪表、设备及测试系统详细介绍;B.对于实验程序所作的清楚说明;C.对整个实验的概述;D.选用特定材料、设备或方法的理由;E.实验的特殊条件:温度、压力…;F.特殊实验设备或方法的详细介绍,若采用的是标准的实验设备或方法,则作简略介绍;G.应用的统计分析方法的描述。举例:1)Title:Aluminium-inducedcrystallisationofsiliconOnglassforthin-filmsolarcellsExperiments:Thepolycrystallinesiliconlayerswereprocessedontoglasssubstrates(Corning1737).Alanda-Silayers,eachabout0.5µmthick,weredepositedbythermalevaporationandDCmagnetronsputtering,respectively.TheaveragegrainsizeofthepolycrystallineAllayerwasfoundtobedependentonthedepositionrate,whichwasvariedbetween0.5and10nm/s.Thea-Siwasdepositedatarateof25nm/minwithoutanysubstrateheatingina1.5Paargonatmosphereat100Wusinga100mm(millimeter),120Ωcmboron-dopedCzochralski-Siwaferasthesputteringtarget.1Torr=133.3Pa(Pascal),1Pa=7.5×10-3Torr1Torr=1mmHg柱,1Torr=1/760大气压ToperformtheAICofthelayeredstructures,thesampleswereheatedindryN2ambientattemperaturesrangingfrom350℃to500℃forbetween5minand60h.Theresultingpoly-Sifilmswereinvestigatedusingscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM),focusedionbeammicroscopy(FIB)andRamanspectroscopy.℃:degreeCentigrade,degreeCelsiusResistivityandHalleffectMeasurementsusingtheVanderPauwtechniquewereconductedon25mm2squaresoffilm,withAldotsfabricatedonthecorners.1.1.1.对设备或材料的描述1)描述方法A.先作概述再详细介绍材料的主要成分或重要性B.当描述仪器、装置、设备时,通常需要解释它们的结构数据、功能与运行方式C.一般对材料或设备的描述是和实验步骤的描述分开的2)语态的应用:A.当作者不是描述自已的行为,而是描述实验设备或材料的运行或反应时,通常应使用主动语态。即此时是设备运行方式,而不是人的行为Twodigitalstraingaugepressuretransducersmeasuredthevaporpressureupstreamanddownstreamofthetesttube.Thelaserstransmittedupstreamsignalsonpreassignedopticalwavelengths.B.作者也可以用被动语态来描述实验设备的运作,注意此时必须插入by短语。句子中的动词是及物动词时才可用被动语态。Thetubewasuniformlyheatedbya54kWDCpowersupply.Theflowratewascontrolledbythevolumetricpump.3)时态的应用A.在描述研究对象或材料时,对普遍不受时间影响的事实,则应使用一般现在时;如:在描述研究者通常采用的标准设备时,可用一般现在时,B.若句子是特定的、过去的行为或事件,则应使用一般过去时;C.有时需要自行设计、制造或改造一些特殊的设备,以满足实验工作的要求,在描述这些特殊设备时,通常应使用一般过去时。如:thisrefractory-linedresearchcombustorwasdesignedtosimulatethetime/temperatureandmixingcharacteristicsofpracticalindustrialliquidandgascombustionsystem.下面是另一典型例子,第一句说明作者过去的行为,用过去时;第二、三句描述仍然存在、其它研者还可以继续使用的这个设备的原理及功能,因原理和功能不受时间的影响,所以用一般现在时Forexperimentsunderconditionssimilartothoseinarealengine,arapidcompressionmachine(RCM)wasdeveloped.ThisrealscaleRCMwithaboreof78.3mmisbasedonanewdrivingconcept.Itoffersopticalaccesstothepistonbowlfromfourdirections,asshowninFig.3.D)在描述总体及样品时,时态的应用规则与上述相似。描述抽样的总体的句子内容是普遍的、不受时间影响的事实,用一般现在时,且句中常有typically,usually,generally等副词。AdultsintheseprogramstypicallyhavesixhoursofinstructionperweekinEnglish.Enrollmentinthecoursegenerallyconsistsmainlyofinformationscienceandengineeringstudents.E)有时描述特定样品句子内容是指过去某个研究课题专门选定的研究对象的事实,句子用一般过去时。Thesampleconsistedof270seniorengineersfromthreeinternationalcompaniesinLondon.Allofthemanagersinthesamplehadatleastfiveyearsofexperienceintheircurrentjob.1.1.2.对实验程序的描述1)时态的应用A.对方法和实验程序的描述,都用来反映作者过去的研究活动,用一般过去时;B.介绍实验程序或方法的句子中,当作者叙述一般不受时间影响的事实或采用的标准程序时,可用一般现在时。2)语态的使用在叙述实验方法和步骤中,使用被动语态较多;只有当作者想引起特别注意时,才用“we”当主语2)title:Highopen-circuitvoltagephotovoltaicdevicesfromcarbon-nanotube-polymercompositesExperiments:SWNTs(suppliedbytheCarbolex,Inc)synthesizedbythearcdischargemethodwereusedinthisstudy.TherawpowdercontainsSWNTswithadiameterof1.4nm,amorphouscarbon,carbon-encasedmetalnanoparticles(10nmdiameter),andothergraphiticimpurities.Inc.Abbreviationforincorporated(〈美〉股份有限的,组成公司的,):Organizedasalegalcompanyorgroupofcompanies(usedintheUSaspartofthenamesofsomecompanies)SWNTseparationwasachievedusingthehydrothermalmethodwhichinvolvesrefluxingofthepowdercontainingSWNTsindistilledwaterat100℃for12h,followedbydryinginairat60℃,afinallywashingin6Mhydrochloricacidtoremovethecatalystparticles.[10]Electronmicroscopyobservationsrevealedthatthepurificationprocedurewassuccessfulinreducingtheamountofcarbonandmetalimpuritiesbyalmost50%.Poly-(octylthiophene)s辛基噻吩usedweresuppliedfromSigma-Aldrich(Mav=1.42×105)andwereusedwithoutfurtherpurifica-Mavion.TheSWNTpowderwasdispersedinchloroform三氯甲烷bymeansofahighpowerultrasonicprobe.Photovoltaicdeviceswerefabricatedinthesandwichindium-tin-oxide(ITO)/composite/Alconfiguration.Thereporteddeviceswerefabricatedon15×15cm2ITO-coatedglasssubstrates.TheITOwascleanedinanultrasonicbathusingacetone丙酮andisopropanol异丙醇.Theactivelayerwasformedbydropcastingorspincoatingofasolutionof1wt%ofnanotubesinP3OTfroma10mg/mlchloroformsolution.Metalelectrodeswerethermallyevaporatedundervacuumatapressurebetterthanof10-6mbar.Additionally,asmallportionoftheITOwasremovedpriortospincoatingofthefilmusingaHClchemicaletchtopreventshortcircuitsbetweentheAlandtheITOinthecontactareas.Inordertominimizeagingeffectsduetooxygenormoisture,thedeviceswerekeptinanitrogen-filledgloveboxafterpreparationandbetweenthemeasurements.Thedevicesweretestedunderdarkandilluminatedconditions(nominalAM1.5illuminationof100mW/cm2)throughth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