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词汇概念1|Page大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.2.Morpheme---Amorphemeistheminimalsignificantelementinthecompositionofwords.3.FreemorphemesorContentmorphemes(Freeroot)---Theyaremorphemesthatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves:cat,walk.4.BoundMorphemesorGrammaticalmorphemes---Theyaremorphemesthatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherboundorfree:Catts,walk+ing.5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Take-dict-forexample:itconveysthemeaningofsayorspeakasaLatinroot,butnotasaword.Withtheprefixpre-(=before)weobtaintheverbpredictmeaningtellbeforehand.6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfuntion.7.InflectionalmorphemesorInflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Thereistheregularpluralsuffix-s(-es)whichisaddedtonounssuchasmachines,desks.8.DerivationalmorphemesorDerivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword,suchas,pre+war.10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword,forinstance,blood+y.Derivationalmorphemes/derivationalaffixes---Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement.Suchasprefix,suffix,combingformtoanalreadyexistingword.Prefixation----istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixorcombingformtothebase.(Itmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase)Suffixation---istheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixorcombingformtothebaseandusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.Suchasboy.Boyish(noun-adjective)11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.下面我画了个图，把上面的定义形象的表达出来：12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:workable(work+able),door-man(door+man).14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeof词汇概念2|Pageplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.17.Prefixation--Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.18.Suffixation--Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.19.Compounding（Compositon）--Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.E.g.hen-packed;short-sighted.20.Conversion--Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisprocessofcreatingnewwordswithoutaddinganyaffixesisalsocalledzero-derivation.E.g.dry(a.)--todry.21.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.22.Abbreviation(shortening)--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichthesyllablesofwordsareabbreviatedorshortened.23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.AcronymsIV.Blends.I.Clippedwords--arethosecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.E.g.telephone--phone,professional--pro.II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.III.Acronyms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordandpronouncedaswords.E.g.NATO/'neito/=NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherwords.E.g.smoke+fog=smog.24.Polysemy--Thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.Thisisknownaspolysemy.Thewordflight,forexample,maymeanpassingthroughtheair,powerofflying,airofjourney,etc.Twoapproachestopolysemy:DiachronicandSynchronicDiachronically,westudythegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate.Synchronically,weareinterestedinthecomparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandthesecondarymeanings.Twoprocessesleadingtopolysemy:RadiationandconcatenationRadiation:Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.Concatenation:isasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untillthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.25.Homonyms--aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheriden