流体机械原理作业解答p41习题一:一、为了满足一个规划中的企业用电高峰的需要,拟在有利地形处建一座具有一台泵及一台水轮机的抽水蓄能电站,该企业每天对电能的需要为:14h为P1=8MW;10h为P2=40MW。假定该企业可以从电网中获得的电功率Pv是常数,已知:水轮机的总效率0.91PPT/电水,泵的总效率0.86PPP/水电,压力管道的损失6Hm,电站的静水头200Hmst。为简单计,假定H和Hst为常数,其它损失忽略不计。假定该装置中水的总量为常数(上游无来水,下游不放水,并忽略蒸发泄漏),试求:①必需的PV值。②泵与水轮机的工作参数Vq,H,P水。③上游及下游水池的最小容积V。解:从电网中获得的电能不足时,用水轮机发电补充;从电网中获得的电能有多余时,用于泵去抽水蓄能。22()*VstVTPPPgHHq水轮机轴功率=11()*VstVPPPPgHHq水泵轴功率=+/12VVVqq12=t=t40194*14*0.91*0.861.0328206*10VVPP408*1.03223.7511.032VPMW2(4023.76)*10009.399.8*194*0.91Vqm3/s,16.71Vqm3/s对水轮机:29.39Vqm3/s;2194Hm,4023.7516.25P轴MW,17.85PT水轴=P/=MW,对于泵:16.71Vqm3/s;1206Hm,1)*13.55PPPV水=(P=(23.76-8)*0.86=MW,15.76P轴MWV=56.71*3600*143.38*10m3二、水轮机效率实验时在某一导叶开度下测得下列数据:蜗壳进口处压力表读数41016.22pPa,压力表中心高程7.88mHm,压力表所在钢管直径35.3Dm,电站下游水位9.84m,流量33vqm/s,发电机功率7410gPkW,发电机效率966.0g,试求水轮机效率及机组效率。解:gcgpZEiiiii227.88iZ,612.228.910001016.224gpi,744.335.3334422DqcvigcgpZEooooo22;而9.84oZ,gpo=0,gcoo22=0127.27715.0612.228.38.92744.3612.229.847.882oiEEHm水轮机的效率%438.87871.8772807.7670127.27338.9966.0/7410/HgqPvggt机组效率844.0874.0966.0tg三、某泵装置中,进口管直径150sDmm,其上真空表读数410665.6VPa(500mmHg),出口管路直径125pDmm,其上压力表读数22.0pMPa,压力表位置比真空表高1m,输送介质为矿物油,其密度900kg/m3,泵的流量为053.0vqm3/s,试求泵的扬程。解:泵的扬程993.33493.0943.24557.71)999.2()319.4(21943.24557.71)15.04053.0()125.04053.0(218.99001022.08.990010665.6122222226422gggccMVhHsp某泵装置中,进出口管直径相同150Dcm,进口真空表读数450VmmHg,出口管路上压力表读数1.8Mkg·f/cm2,压力表位置比真空表高1m,输送介质为矿物油,其密度900kg/m3,泵的流量为53QL/s,试求泵的扬程。答案:224222213.64501.89.81010.05340.05341()()29009009.820.150.1516.820027.8psccHhVMgg四、一台送风机的全压为1.96kPa,风量为40m3/min,效率为50%,试求其轴功率。3310614.2%5010307.1%50100096.16040pqPvWp103习题二四、轴流转浆式水轮机某一圆柱流面1D=2m,n=150r/min,在某一流量下mc=4m/s。试求:a)当叶片转到使2b=10°时,作出口速度三角形。此时转轮出口水流的动能是多少?其中相对于2uc的部分又是多少?b)为了获得法向出口,应转动叶片使2b为多少?此时出口动能又为多少?c)设尾水管回能系数v=0.85,且假定尾水管只能回收相应于2mc的动能,则上面两种情况下出口动能损失各为多少?a)708.156015026012nDum/s977.6104708.151022ctgctgcucmum/s042.8679.644977.6222222mucccm/s300.38.92679.64222gcm484.28.92977.62222gcumb)287.14708.1542arctgb816.08.9242222gcmc)回收的能量:321.0484.230.3%85222222gcgcuv损失的能量:979.2321.03.3222回收的能量gc或111.22%8522gcu122.024%152g五、在进行一台离心泵的能量平衡实验时,测得下列数据:轴功率P=15kW;流量vq=0.013m3/s;扬程H=80m;转速n=2900r/min;叶轮密封环泄漏量vq=0.0007m3/s;圆盘摩擦功率rP=1.9kW;轴承与填料摩擦功率mP=0.2kW;另外给定了泵的几何尺寸:轮直径D=0.25m;出口宽度2b=6mm;叶片出口角2b=23°。试求:a)泵的总效率及水力、容积和机械效率。b)叶轮出口速度三角形。(不计叶片厚度,1uc=0)c)滑移系数、反作用度10°6.977415.7082c2u2w2uc2mca)7004.0155056.101580013.08.9PHgqv86.015)2.09.1(15)(PPPPmrM95.00007.0013.0013.0vvvqqqq857.095.086.07.0qMhb)992.2006.025.00007.0013.0222bDqcvTmm/s961.3760290025.06022nDum/s2c2u2w2uc2mc23°37.9612.99230.912c)912.30049.7961.3723992.2961.372222ctgctgcucmu099.24961.37857.0808.922ugHchu82.0961.37099.24912.301122ucu22222222256.315.964992.2912.30muccc589.0912.30961.37256.31112122222ucuggc或593.0961.372912.3012122ucup103习题四四、一台泵的吸入口径为200mm,流量为vq=77.8L/s,样本给定vH=5.6m,吸入管路损失sH=0.5m。试求:1)在标准状态下抽送常温清水时的szH值。2)如此泵在拉萨(ap=64922.34Pa)使用,从开敞的容器中抽吸80℃温水,其szH值又为多少?(注:80℃清水的Vap=47367.81Pa,g=9530.44N/m3)1)列进水池面与泵进口断面sssszeHgcgpHgp202ssszeasasHgcHgpgpgpgpH22ssaesszHgcgpgpHH22476.22.01000/8.774422svsDqc787.45.0313.06.55.02476.26.52gHsz2)由汽蚀余量和真空度的定义:vssapgcph22,sasppHvasasphgcpH22vsasphgcpH][2][2vsasphgcpH][2][2vvaassppppHH][][65.224.097.433.1081.66.524.044.953081.4736733.1044.953034.649226.5][sH463.35.0313.065.222ssaesszHgcgpgpHHm五、双吸离心泵的转速为1450r/min,最优工况的扬程为43m,流量为1.36m3/s,临界空化余量为crh=3.17m,最大流量工况crh为10.06m,吸水管路的水力损失为0.91m,当地大气压力为10.36m,所输送的冷水的汽化压力为vaH=0.31m。试确定:1)最优工况的比转速qn、空化比转速S、临界空化系数cr和允许的吸入高度是多少?2)最大流量工况的允许吸入高度是多少?(提示:计算qn和S时应取总流量的二分之一)1)65.39.259207.71792.167.1195432/36.114502/4/34/3Hqnnvq3.503376.27.119517.32/36.114502/4/34/3crvhqnS0737.04317.3Hhcrcr列进水池面与泵进口断面wssgehgcpHp22由汽蚀余量的定义67.531.091.0)3.017.3(36.1022vwegvwgevssaphhpHphHppgcph2)同前有22.131.091.0)3.006.10(36.10vwegphhpH