unit 1 定语从句that、which、whose、whom、as

M1Unit1GrammarandUsagefirstperiodLearningAims:1.Wearerequiredtoknowtheusageofattributiveclause.2.Weshouldusewhatwehavelearnttocommunicatewithothersfreely.1.定义：又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。3.关系代词\关系副词：引导定语从句的词。关系代词关系副词which,that,who,whom,whose等where,why,when在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语在定语从句中作状语RelativepronounsRelativeadverbs限制性定语从句的构成Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetables.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.IhavefoundthebookwhichIlost.IvisitedtheschoolwhereIstudied.注意事项:1.从句的位置:2.翻译方法:3.构成先行词之“….的”关系关系代词关系副词ReadtheexamplesonP8andfindouttherelativepronouns.Thegrammarthatwewilllearntodayisattributiveclause.IamarelativepronounAntecedent先行词_____________________________________1.Anastronautisapersonwhoworksandtravelsinspace.2.Aspacecraftisavehiclethat/whichcantravelinspace.3.Aspacecapsuleisaplacewhereanastronautworks.4.15thOct.2003wasthedaywhenYangLiweiwassentintothesky.antecedent先行词relativepronoun关系代词relativeadverb关系副词antecedent先行词Whenwetalkaboutpeople…Weusewhoorthatinanattributiveclauseinsteadofhe/she/they.Themanisfriendly.Theman________________________isfriendly.Helivesnextdoor.who/thatlivesnextdoorWhenwetalkaboutthings…Jackworksforafactory.Jackworksforafactory________________________.Itmakesshoes.Weusethatorwhichinanattributiveclauseinsteadofit/theythat/whichmakesshoesWhenwemeanpossession,…Isatnexttoagirl.Isatnexttoagirl___________________.HernamewasLucy.Weusewhoseinanattributiveclauseinsteadofits/his/her/theirwhosenamewasLucy1.Jackisababywho/thatiswearingredtrousers.2.Jackisababywhosetrousersarered.3.Jackisababywhom/who/thatIlovemost.4.Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.主语(subject)定语(attribute)表语(predicative)宾语(object)Whatdoesarelativepronounfunctionas?关系代词要在从句中充当成分.FunctionsIntheattributiveclausestherelativewordsusuallyfunctionasthe:subject,object,predicative,attribute,adverbial指代内容所做成分是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose关系代词的用法人；物物人人(人/物)的主语,宾语主语,宾语主语,宾语宾语定语作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省可省不可省先行词和关系词的关系1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.3.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.4.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.themachine=thattheboy=whotheboy’s=whoseintheschool=where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词Jointhefollowingsentences:Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.先行词和关系词的关系Jointhefollowingsentences:Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneiscanfly.关系代词的实质themachineamachinethat/whichJointhefollowingsentences:ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.wesawyesterdayisMary.herThegirl定语从句后置ThedaycameatlastwhenIwenttocollege.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhocomesfromQingdao.关系代词that,which,who,whom和whose的用法1.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.2)Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.3)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4)Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.2.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。1)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?2)Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.3)Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.4)YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.3.who指人，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.4.whom指人，作宾语(作宾语可省略，如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)ItalkedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomItalkedisMr.Li.5.whose在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与ofwhich互换使用。1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.2)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.3)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?6.As也可作关系代词，用于thesame…as,so…as,as…as和such…as等结构中，as不可省。1)I’veneverheardsuchstories______hetells.2)Thisisthesamedictionary_____Ilost.3)Suchboys____youmentionedarewell.4)Sheworethesamehat____youworeyesterday.比较：Itissodifficultaproblem___noonecanworkout.Itissodifficultaproblem_____noonecanworkitout.thatasasasasas7.当先行词是theway时且在从句中做的是方式状语,关系词应用that,inwhich或省略.Idon’tliketheway____________youspeaktoher.Idon’tliketheway____________sheworks.比较：Theway_____hethoughtofwasnotpractical.Whichoneisnotright?A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.不填(inwhich/that)(inwhich/that)Cthat和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。(1)限制性定语从句中先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,little,some等不定代词指物时。(something用that)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.referencereference(2)Therebe句型中用that。ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)IaminBeijing.referencereference(4)先行词是who或which引导的主句。Whoisthegirlthatdrovethecar?Whothatbrokethewindowwillbepunished?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?referencereference(5)当先行词既有人又有物。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.Lookatthemanandhismonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.(6)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,theonly,thevery,thelast,just,right等修饰。I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.referenc