语言学高级教程第二章

SuprasegmentalFeaturesSuprasegmentalFeaturesSuprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:SyllableToneStressIntonationThestructureofSyllableStandardChineseAconsonantfollowedbyavowel(Exceptnasals/n,ŋ/)(C)V(C)HowaboutthesyllablestructureofEnglishwords?SyllableσOnset(节首)R（韵基）Nucleus（节核）Coda（节尾）klæspKindsofsyllableMonosyllabicwords:cat,dog,fog…Polysyllabicwords:table,transplant…OnsetSyllableNucleusOpenSyllableRhymeCodaClosedSyllableOnset:emptyorfilledwithaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants.Coda:emptyorfilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants.Englishsyllablecanberepresentedas(((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C).Howmuchdoyouknowaboutsyllable?SyORNCExamples:“hepl”“lupm”“rpay”“wquick”CantheyberegardedaswordsinEnglish?Why?SonorityScaleSonorityScaleSounds5vowels4approximants3nasals2fricatives1stopsApplicationandUsefulnessoftheSonorityHierarchyInagivenstringofphonemes,everysyllablecorrespondstoasinglesonoritypeak.Generallyspeaking,onsettonucleusisonanascendingslopeandnucleustocodaisonadescendingslopeintermsofsonority.Exemplifications:“help”:5*“hepl”5*4*4*332*2*1*1*Forthetwoexamplesabove,“hepl”isnotallowedinEnglish.Usefulness:Itallowsustodeterminenotonlythenucleusbutitalsoenablesustopredicttheoverallshapeofsyllable,anddeterminethenumberofsyllablesforagreatmajorityofEnglishwords,leavingunexplainedonlyasmallnumberofcases.“silk”vs.“sickle”(/silk/vs./sikl/)One-syllablewordvs.two-syllablewordWhy?☌ORNCsilk☌☌ORORNNsik(ə)lProblemswiththeSonorityScaleAccordingtoSonorityScale,itseemsthatSickle/sikl/doesnotfollowthecorrectsequence.Sotofigureitout,“sickle”isregardedasadisyllabicword.Meansthat/kl/formsasyllableofitsown./l/isconsideredtobesyllabic,whilephoneme/n,m/haveafunctioninthatwaytoosuchasin“fiction”“bottom”.Whyis/s/intheonsetpositionsbellowacceptable?/spl-/,/spr-/,/str-/,/skw-/MaximalOnsetPrinciple(MOP)Whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.Thesyllablestructureof“country”/kʌntri/:☌☌ORORNCNkʌntriStressAccordingtothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Primarystress:themorestressedsyllable.Secondarystress:thelessstressedsyllable.Functionsinthelevelofsoundsegmental.1)Changethepartofspeechofaword.conVICT(v.)CONvict(n.)inSULT(v.)INsult(n.)2)ChangethemeaningofwordsBLACKboardmeansateachingtool,whileblackBIRDrepresentsanybirdthatisblackincolor.3)Meaning-distinctiveroleinthecombinationof–ingformsandnouns.compoundnouns:＇readingglasses:meansglassesforreading.nounphrase:swimming＇fish:meansafishisswimming.StressinthelevelofsentenceFunction:Mainlyusedtoexpressemphasis,surpriseetc.Atthewordlevel,itonlyappliestowordswithatleasttwosyllables.Atthesentencelevel,amonosyllabicwordmaybesaidtobestressedrelativetootherwordsinthesentence.a.Johnboughtaredbicycle.b.JohnBOUGHTaredbicycle.c.JohnboughtaREDbicycle.d.JohnboughtaredBICYCLE.IntonationandToneIntonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.FourbasictypesofintonationinEnglish:Fallingtone:indicatesthatwhatsaidisamatter-of-factstatement.Risingtone:makesaquestionofwhatissaid.Fall-risetone:indicatesthatthereisanimpliedmessageofwhatissaid.Rise-falltoneThefirstthreearethemostfrequentlyused.Thisisnotthebookhewants.FallingtoneRisingtoneFall-risetonestatesafactMakesaquestionIndicatesimpliedmessageThebookisnottheonehewants.Isthatnotthebookhewants?Impliesthatthereissomeotherbookshewants.Tone:Differencesinpitchthatcancausechangesinwordmeaning.standardChinese[ma]ChinesecharacterTonesymbolTonedescriptionEnglishgloss妈Highlevel“mother”麻Highrising“numb”马Lowfallingrising“horse”骂Highfalling“scold”ThreetypesofLanguageToneLangauge,themeaningofawordisaffectedbythepitchandtonesservingtodifferentiatelexicalentries,Chineseisatypicaloneofthiskind.Stress-and-IntonationLanguage(RocaandJohnson,1999):EnglishPitchAccentLanguage:Japanese,Norwegian,Swedish