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UniversalGrammarBYLOLAContentsThenatureofUGLanguagePrinciplesPrinciplesandParameterTheoryUsesofUGinlanguageacquisitionRecommendedbooksPPT模板下载：行业PPT模板：节日PPT模板：素材下载：背景图片：图表下载：优秀PPT下载：教程：教程：教程：资料下载：课件下载：范文下载：试卷下载：教案下载：论坛：“thesystemofprinciples,conditions,andrulesthatareelementsofpropertiesofallhumanlanguages…...theessenceofhumanlangague”(Chomsky,1976)“由人类所有语言所共有的原则、条件和规则组成的系统，是人类语言的本质所在。”PPT模板下载：行业PPT模板：节日PPT模板：素材下载：背景图片：图表下载：优秀PPT下载：教程：教程：教程：资料下载：课件下载：范文下载：试卷下载：教案下载：论坛：(V.J.Cook,1988)Acquiringlanguagemeanslearningtheseprinciplesapplytoaparticularlanguageandwhichvaluesappropriateforeachparameter.(V.J.Cook,1988)PPT模板下载：行业PPT模板：节日PPT模板：素材下载：背景图片：图表下载：优秀PPT下载：教程：教程：教程：资料下载：课件下载：范文下载：试卷下载：教案下载：论坛：任何语法变换的规则只能使用在一个个短语结构上，而这种结构成分在不同的语言中时对应存在的。Definition:Operationsonsentencessuchasmovementrequireaknowledgeofthestructuralrelationshipsofthewordsratherthantheirlinearsequence.Eg:ThemanwhoistallisJohn.(1)*IsthemanwhoistallJohn?(2)Isthemanwhotallisjohn?QuestionformationinEnglishinvolvesmovingtheauxiliaryfromthemainclausetothefront.TheheadparameterDefinition:alanguagehastheheadsonthesamesideinallitsphrases.e.g.nounsinNPs,verbsinVPs,etc.Examples:Englishishead-firstliketheman(verbtotheleftoftheVP)Japaneseishead-lastWatashiwanihonjindesu(IJapaneseam,verbtotherightoftheVP)Theprojectionprinciple(映射)Definition:thepropertiesoflexicalentriesprojectontothesyntaxofthesentence.Lexicalstructuremustberepresentedcategoricallyateverysyntacticlevel.Eg:SuelikeswhiskyThepropertiesofthelexicalentrylike(___NP)ensurethattheVerbisfollowedbyanNPinthesentence.TypesofUniversals（语言共项）*Itisnotnecessarytoshowthatauniversaloccursindozensoflanguages.“Ihavenothesitatedtoproposeageneralprincipleoflinguisticstructureonthebasisofobservationsofasinglelanguage”(Chomsky,1980)•WemustknowthatthetheoryofUGaredisprovable:structure-dependencyisahypothesis.•TheAccessibilityHierarchy:可介入矩阵Thelanguagefaculty(语言官能)1.Chomskythinkslanguageknowledgeisindependentofotheraspectsofthemind.Andsupportfortheindependencyoflanguagefromtherestofthemindcomesfromtheuniquenatureoflanguageknowledge.2.Thelanguagefacultyisindeedheldtobespecifictothehumanspecies;noothercreatureapartfromhumanbeingspossessesalanguageorgan.TheframeworkofPrincipleandParameterTheory3Twolevels:leveloneCompetence&performanceCompetence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage(语言能力)Performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations（语言运用）1957:Transformationalgenerativegrammar1965:StandardTheoryInthe1970s:ExtendedstandardTheory1981:Government/BindingTheory(GB)1987:Theprincipleandparametertheory1995:MinimalistProgramme(最简方案)Leveltwo:thedescriptionsofsyntaxThedifferentperiodsinChomsky’sthinkingaboutsyntax:TheprincipleandparametertheoryMaincontent:TheprincipleandparametertheorymovementGovernmentThePro-dropparameterBindingTheoryUsesofUGinlanguageacquisitions4LAD（LanguageAcquisitionDevice):“Aprocedurethatoperatesonexperienceacquiredinanidealcommunityandconstructsfromit,inadeterminateway,astateofthelanguagefaculty(Chomsky,1990).Input(primarylinguisticdata)LanguageAcquisitionDeviceOutput(agenerativegrammar)Fingure:TheLADmodelofL1acquisitionUsesofUGinlanguageacquisitions4Input(primarylinguisticdata)UniversalGrammarOutput(agenerativegrammar)Fingure:TheUniversalgrammarmodelofL1acquisitionUGandFirstLanguageAcquisitionThepoverty-of–the–stimulusargumentThepoverty-of-the-stimulusargument