Universal-Grammar

LOGOUniversialGrammarThetwopartofuniversalgrammararecommonprinciplesandparameters,bothcollectivelyknownasthecoreofgrammar,istheessenceoflanguage.Itdoesn'tneedtolearn,it'sborn.LOGOLanguageconsistsofasetofabstractprinciplesthatcharacterizecoregrammarsofallnaturallanguages.Inadditiontoprinciplesthatareinvariable(i.e.,alllanguageshavethem)areparametersthatvaryacrosslanguages.eg.:betweendrivingacarandprinciplesandparameters.LOGOUGacquisitionUGispostulatedasaninnatelanguagefacilitythatlimitstheextenttowhichlanguagescanvary.Thatis,itspecifiesthelimitsofapossiblelanguage.LOGOPart1.Initialstate1.FundamentalDifferenceHypothesiswhathappensinchildlanguageacquisitionisnotthesameaswhathappensinadultsecondlanguageacquisition.2.AccesstoUGHypothesistheinnatelanguagefacilityisaliveandwellinsecondlanguageacquisitionandconstrainsthegrammarsofsecondlanguagelearnersasitdoesthegrammarsofchildfirstlanguagelearners.LOGOFundamentalDifferenceHypothesisstartingpoint:Withregardtolanguagelearning,childrenandadultsaredifferentinmanyimportantways.1.theultimateattainment2.thenatureoftheknowledgethatthesetwogroupsoflearnershaveattheoutsetoflanguagelearning3.motivationandattitudetowardthetargetlanguageandtargetlanguagecommunityLOGOL1andUG→L2acquisition.L1ASTHEBASEtakethefirstlanguageasthebasisoftheinitialstate1.FullTransfer/FullAccessThelearnerisassumedtousetheL1grammarasabasisbuttohavefullaccesstoUGwhentheL1isdeemedinsufficientforthelearningtaskathand.LOGO2.MinimalTreesHypothesismaintainsthatbothL1andUGareavailableconcur-rently.However,theL1grammarthatisavailablecontainsnofunctionalcategories.3.ValuelessFeaturesbothfunctionalandlexicalcategoriesareavailablefromtheL1,butthestrengthofthesefeaturesisnotavailable.LOGOUG-BASEDtakeUGastheinitialstate4.TheInitialHypothesisofSyntaxthestartingpointforacquisitionisUG.5.FullAccess/NoTransferApredictionbasedonthispositionisthatL1andL2acquisitionwillproceedinasimilarfashion,willendupatthesamepoint,andthatallL2acquisition(regardlessofL1)wouldproceedalongthesamepath.LOGOPart2.UGPrinciplestructuredependenceThisprincipleisthatlinguisticprinciplesoperateonsyntactic(orstructural)units.subjacenySubjacency,whichlimitstheamountofmovementthatcantakeplacewithinsentencesEmptycategoryprinciple(ECP)TheECPisawayofaccountingforasymmetryfoundintheuseornonuseofcaseparticles.LOGOPart3.UGparametersConcept:UGparameterisasetofsyntacticoptionsonUGprinciples.Therearecertainlinguisticfeaturesthatvaryacrosslanguages.Theseareexpressedthroughtheconceptoflinguisticparameters.function:Easingtheburdenonthechild.Inotherwords,ifparametersexist,thechild'staskiseased,becausethereisalimitedrangeofoptionstochoosefrom.(集群特征):onceaparameterissetinapaticularway,allrelatedpropertiesareaffected.(主语脱落参数)：a:theamissionofsubjectpronouns(主语代词省略)b:theinversionofsubjectsandverbsindeclarativesentences（主语和动词在陈述句中倒装）c:that-traceeffects(that语迹效应)thatistheextractionofsubjectoutofaclausethatcontainsacomplementizer.▪WhiteandLakshmananpresenteddatafromSpanishandFrenchlearnersofEnglish(White)andSpnish,Japanese,andArabiclearnersofEnglish(Lakshmanan)onpreciselythesethreestructures.Conclusion:theselearnersdidnotseethesethreepropertiesasaunifiedparameter.▪ConclusionsofUGparameters:1.L2acquisitionisnotfundamentallythesameasL1acquisition.2.L2acquisitionisnotfundamentallydifferentfromL1acquisition.3.WithintheMinimalistframework,thelexiconassumesgreatimportance.ParameterzationwithintheMinimalistProgramisnolonggerinthesyntax,butinthelexicon.Languagesthuscontaininformationinthelexiconthatsignalsgrammaticalrelationships.？Recursiveness(递归性)InnateVSCultureDanielEverett“爸爸说妈妈说你叔叔说他要带你去公园”LOGOWhethertheseuniversalprinciplescanbeactivatedornotforeverybody(normalperson)?HowmanyUGprinciplesexistsinhumanlanguage?HowtheprincipleofUGtousethelanguageenvironmenttosettheparameter?LOGOPro﹣dropparameter代词省略参数Parameterhasbeeninaccuratelydescribed.Subjectinversion主语倒置下雨了。来了，你。LOGOWhenwelearnalanguage,iftheparemeterofUGreallyworks,isthereacertainorder?LOGOPart5.ConclusionThestudyonUniversalGrammarandlanguagecompetence(includingsecondlanguagecompetence)doesnotonlyhavetheoreticalsignificancebutalsohavedirectivefunctionstoourlinguisticapplicationresearch,especiallyforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.Itwouldbethebiggestprogressinthehistoryofforeignlanguageteachingandlearning,ifwecanfindaneffectivemodetostimulatethelearner'sinnatelanguageknowledgetodevelopandimproveastheirnativelanguageacquisition.LOGOPart6.QuestionUniversalGrammarisproposedintermsofmothertongueacquisition,sodoesUniversalGrammarhaveeffectsintheSecondLanguageAcquisition?LOGODirectaccessL1learningL1competence(Ss)UniversalGrammarL2learningL2competence(St)LOGOIndirectaccessL2learningL2competence(St)L1learningL1competence(Ss)