功能语法

GRAMMARFunctionalGrammarConstructionalGrammarCaseGrammarCognitiveGrammarFunctionalGrammarFunctionalGrammarHallidaybelievesthatlanguageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainfunctions.Inotherwords,socialdemandonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.ThreeMetafunctionsTheIdeationalFunctionTheInterpersonalFunctionTheTextualFunctionTheIdeationalFunctionVoice语态系统Transitivity及物性系统1.TheIdeationalFunction(1)Itistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Transitivity及物性系统transitivityisapropertyofverbsthatrelatestowhetheraverbcantakedirectobjectsandhowmanysuchobjectsaverbcantake.e.g.Thebirdsareflyinginthesky.TypesofelementsTypicallyrealisedby1.Process1.Verbalgroup2.Participant2.Nominalgroup3.Circumstance3.AdverbialgrouporprepositionalphraseTransitivitymaterialprocess:processesofdoingbehaviouralprocess:processesofbehavingmentalprocess:processesofsensingverbalprocess:processesofsayingrelationalprocess:processesofbeingexistentialprocess:processesofexistingorhappeningMaterialprocess:processesofdoingSuchaprocessisexpressedbyProcess:anactionverb(e.g.beat,break,kick),Actor(logicalsubject)andtheGoaloftheaction(logicaldirectsubject,usuallyanounorapronoun).Forexample:(1)Mybrotherbrokethevase.ActorProcessGoal(2)Thevasewasbrokenbymybrother.GoalProcessActor(3)Thedeancancelledthedepartmentmeeting.ActorProcessGoalMentalprocess:processesofsensingMentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaasperception(see,look),reaction(like,please)andcognition(know,believe,convince).Amentalprocessinvolvestwoparticipants,Sensor(感觉者）andPhenomenon（被感知的现象）Examplesare:(1)Johnsawthemurderer.SensorProcessPhenomenon(2)Mysisterlikestheskirt.SensorProcessPhenomenon(3)Iknowthatshewasabsent.SensorProcessPhenomenonRelationalprocess:processesofbeingRelationalprocessescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:theattributive（归属）andtheidentifying(识别).(Theformerexpresseswhatattributesacertainobjecthas,orwhattypeitbelongsto.Thelatterexpressestheidenticalpropertiesoftwoentities.)Thesetworelationscanbefurtherclassifiedintotheintensive,circumstantial,andpossessive.Examplesare:(1)E.E.CummingsisanAmericanPoet.(Intensive)(2)Thefilmlastedtwohours.(Circumstantial;Temporal)(3)ThisbikeisJohn’s.(Possessive)Inanidentifyingrelationalprocesses,thereisanIdentifierandanIdentified.Forexample:(1)Theman’snameisWilliamSydneyPorter.IdentifiedProcessIdentifier(2)Twotimesfourequalseight.IdentifiedProcessIdentifierVerbalprocess:processesofsayingVerbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation.Commonlyusedverbsare“say”,“tell”,“talk”,“praise”,“boast”,“describe”,etc.Inthistypeofprocessestheparticipantsarethesayer(讲话者）,receiver（受话者）,andverbiage（讲话内容）.Forexample:(1)Mywatchsaysthatitisnine-thirty.(2)Heaskedmetowritemyname.(3)“Willyoupleaseremindmewhentimeisup?”heasked.(4)HeaskedmeifIcouldsparehimsomeminutes.ThesayerisnotnecessarilyahumanbeingTheReceivercanalsoappearasaparticipant.Theverbiagemaybeadirectspeechoranindirectspeech.Behaviouralprocess:processesofbehavingBehaviouralprocessesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalactivitiessuchasbreathing,coughing,sighing,dreaming,crying,andlaughing,etc.(Generallyonlyoneparticipant,thebehaver(oftenahuman)isinvolvedintheseprocesses.)Examplesare:(1)Thegirllaughedheartily.BehaverProcessCircumstancial(2)Theoldmansighedforthedaysofhisyouth.BehaverProcessCircumstancialExistentialprocess:processesofexistingorhappeningExistentialprocessesrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens,asin“Thereisalittlepignearthehouse.”,“Thereseemstobeaproblem.”,etc.Verbsusedinexistentialprocessesare“be”,“exist”,“arise”,etc.Ineveryexistentialprocess,thereisanexistent.Forexample:(1)Thereisanewofficebuildingattheendoftheroad.(2)DoeslifeexistonMars?Voice语态系统ClauseasrepresentationPassiveProcesspassiveBy:Theglasswasbrokenbythecat.ActiveProcessactiveThecatbroketheglass.AffectiveagentmiddleProcessactiveTheglassbroke.2.TheInterpersonalFunction(1)Itembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.(2)Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerenteraspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.(3)TheInterpersonalFunctionMood语气系统Modality情态系统SpeechFunctions话语功能Mood语气系统(1)Itistheselectionbythespeakerofaparticularroleinthespeechsituation,andhisdeterminationofthechoiceofrolesfortheaddressee.Hewillgiveanappletometomorrow.SubjectFinitePredicatorCompAdjunctMoodResidue(2)TypesofMoodDeclarativemoodImperativemoodExclamativemoodInterrogativemoodModality情态系统AccordingtoHalliday,modalityisaformofparticipationbythespeakerinthespeechevent.Itspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgmentormakingaprediction.ModalityInclination:I’llgiveyouahand.Modalityobligation:Youshouldgonow.Usuality:Sheoftenwentthere.Probablity:Thechildmightbehers.Modulation（意态）Modalization(情态本身）SpeechFunctions话语功能Ofthevariousspeechroles,twoarethemostbasic:givinganddemanding.Thecommoditiesexchangedcanalsofallintotwokinds:goods&servicesandinformation.Speechrolesandcommoditiesexchangedmakeupfourprincipalspeechfunctions:offer,command,statement,andquestion,asinthefollowingtable:CommodityexchangedRoleinexchangeProposalsGoods-&-servicesPro