何家弘法律英语课件-第二课

LessonTwoLegalProfession法律职业法律英语1Background律师法官检查官法学教师法律英语2法律职业变换频繁HarlanFiskeStone法律英语3Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。法律英语4美国律师协会法律英语5律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law法律英语6英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师法律英语7Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.Q：Whyistheconcernofeachstate?admissiontothebar授予职业律师资格；律师职业许可（法院确认申请人的居住资格、公民身份、教育状况、道德品格等符合法定资格要求，授予申请人在其管辖区域内从事律师事务的特权或许可证）Mostrequirethreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.法律英语8三年大学法律学位书面考试ThreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegreeIntheUnitedStates,alawschoolisaninstitutionwherestudentsobtainaprofessionaleducationinlawafterfirstobtaininganundergraduatedegree.LawschoolsintheU.S.issuetheJurisDoctordegree(J.D.),whichisaprofessionaldoctorate,andformostpractitionersaterminaldegree.Althoughmostlawschoolsonlyofferthetraditionalthree-yearprogram,severalU.S.lawschoolsofferanAcceleratedJDprogram.法律英语9Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.法律英语10各州律师联考州综合问答题•TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.法律英语11Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.Translation:通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。大部分人都能一次通过，即使没通过的在之后的考试中也能顺利通过。法律英语12Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationsintheirrespectivestates.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.Admission:admissiontothebarapprentice:apersonwhoislearningfromaskilledemployer(lawyer),havingagreedtoworkforafixedperiodatlowwages法律英语13Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同，butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。法律英语14beforethecourt出庭、在法庭上Federalcourtshearcasesinvolving法律英语15•theconstitutionalityofalaw;•casesinvolvingthelawsandtreatiesoftheU.S.;•ambassadorsandpublicministers;•disputesbetweentwoormorestates;•admiraltylaw;and•bankruptcycases.TheHighestCourtSupremeCourtAsupremecourtisthehighestcourtwithinthehierarchyofmanylegaljurisdictions.Otherdescriptionsforsuchcourtsincludecourtoflastresort,instancecourt,judgmentcourt,apexcourt,andhighestcourtofappeal.Broadlyspeaking,thedecisionsofasupremecourtarenotsubjecttofurtherreviewbyanyothercourt.Inafewplaces,thecourtnamedtheSupremeCourtisnotinfactthehighestcourt;examplesincludetheSupremeCourtoftheStateofNewYorkandtheformerSupremeCourtofJudicatureofEnglandandWales.法律英语16Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个固定地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业法律英语17PracticeoflawOnceadmittedtopracticebythehighestcourtofastate(thestatesupremecourt),afunctionsometimesadministeredbythestate'sbarassociation,anAmericanattorneymayfilelegalpleadingsandarguecasesinthatstatecourt,providelegaladvicetoclientsanddraftimportantlegalinstrumentssuchaswills,trusts,deedsandcontracts.Arguingcasesinthefederalcourtsrequiresseparateadmission.法律英语18Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.retain:付定金聘定律师Localcounsel:Alawyerlicensedtopracticelawinaparticularjurisdictionorbeforeaparticularcourtwhoassistsalawyerwhoisnotlicensed,butwhohasbeengivenpermissiontoprovideadviceandrepresentaclientinanactioninthatjurisdictionorbeforethatcourt,withmattersregardingtheapplicationandinterpretationofthelocallawsaswellaswiththelocalcourtcustoms,practices,andrules.有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。法律英语19Onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmittedwithoutexaminationifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。法律英语20Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.法律英语21从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动Itisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.法律英语22在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,andmayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份；从事上述职业的人，也可以再回到律师行业。法律英语23Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.很少有律师为了工商业界的重要管理职位而放弃律师职业。法律英语24ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencedbythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyG