国际商务-查尔斯W.L.希尔-第七版-原版官方PPTChap002

InternationalBusiness7ebyCharlesW.L.HillMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2009byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Chapter2NationalDifferencesinPoliticalEconomy2-3PoliticalSystemsThepoliticaleconomyofanationreferstohowthepolitical,economic,andlegalsystemsofacountryareinterdependent;theyinteractandinfluenceeachother,andindoingsotheyaffectthelevelofeconomicwell-being2-4PoliticalSystemsPoliticalsystemreferstothesystemofgovernmentinanationPoliticalsystemscanbeassessedaccordingtotwodimensionsthedegreetowhichtheyemphasizecollectivismasopposedtoindividualismthedegreetowhichtheyaredemocraticortotalitarian2-5CollectivismAndIndividualismCollectivismreferstoapoliticalsystemthatstressestheprimacyofcollectivegoalsoverindividualgoalsCollectivismcanbetracedbacktotheGreekphilosopher,Plato(427-347BC),butinmoderntimes,collectivismisequatedwithsocialists2-6CollectivismAndIndividualismSocialistsadvocatestateownershipofthebasicmeansofproduction,distribution,andexchangeState-ownedenterprisesaremanagedtobenefitsocietyasawhole,ratherthanindividualcapitalistsIntheearly20thcentury,socialismsplitinto:Communism–socialismcanonlybeachievedthroughviolentrevolutionandtotalitariandictatorshipSocialdemocrats–socialismisachievedthroughdemocraticmeans2-7ClassroomPerformanceSystemApoliticalsystemthatstressestheprimacyofcollectivegoalsoverindividualgoalsiscalleda)individualismb)collectivismc)ademocracyd)amarketeconomy2-8CollectivismAndIndividualismBythemid-1990s,communismwasinretreatworldwideSocialdemocracyisalsoretreatingasmanycountriesmovetowardfreemarketeconomiesState-ownedenterpriseshavebeenprivatized2-9ClassroomPerformanceSystem_____believe(s)thatsocialismcanonlybeachievedthroughviolentrevolutionandtotalitariandictatorship.a)communistsb)socialdemocratsc)socialrepublicansd)Plato2-10CollectivismAndIndividualismIndividualismreferstophilosophythatanindividualshouldhavefreedominhisowneconomicandpoliticalpursuitsIndividualismcanbetracedtoGreekphilosopher,Aristotle(384-322BC),whoarguedthatindividualdiversityandprivateownershiparedesirableUnderindividualism,individualeconomicandpoliticalfreedomsarethegroundrulesonwhichasocietyshouldbebasedMorepractically,individualismmeansdemocraticpoliticalsystemsandfreemarketeconomies2-11DemocracyAndTotalitarianismDemocracyreferstoapoliticalsysteminwhichgovernmentisbythepeople,exercisedeitherdirectlyorthroughelectedrepresentativesTotalitarianismisaformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonorpoliticalpartyexercisesabsolutecontroloverallspheresofhumanlifeandprohibitsopposingpoliticalpartiesDemocracyisusuallyassociatedwithindividualismandcommunismisusuallyassociatedwithcollectivismandtotalitarianism2-12DemocracyAndTotalitarianismPuredemocracyisbasedonthebeliefthatcitizensshouldbedirectlyinvolvedindecisionmakingMostmoderndemocraticstatespracticerepresentativedemocracywherecitizensperiodicallyelectindividualstorepresentthem2-13ClassroomPerformanceSystemAformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonorpoliticalpartyexercisescompletecontroloverallspheresofhumanlifeandprohibitsopposingpoliticalpartiesisa)ademocracyb)arepresentativedemocracyc)totalitarianismd)socialism2-14DemocracyAndTotalitarianismTherearefourmajorformsoftotalitarianism:Communisttotalitarianism–foundinstateswherethecommunistpartymonopolizespowerTheocratictotalitarianism-foundinstateswherepoliticalpowerismonopolizedbyaparty,group,orindividualthatgovernsaccordingtoreligiousprinciplesTribaltotalitarianism-foundinstateswhereapoliticalpartythatrepresentstheinterestsofaparticulartribemonopolizespowerRight-wingtotalitarianism-permitssomeindividualeconomicfreedom,butrestrictsindividualpoliticalfreedom2-15ClassroomPerformanceSystem______isfoundinstateswherepoliticalpowerismonopolizedbyapartyaccordingtoreligiousprinciples.a)tribaltotalitarianismb)right-wingtotalitarianismc)theocratictotalitarianismd)communisttotalitarianism2-16EconomicSystemsPoliticalideologyandeconomicsystemsareconnectedIncountrieswhereindividualgoalsareemphasizedfreemarketeconomiesarelikelyTherearethreetypesofeconomicsystems:marketeconomiescommandeconomiesmixedeconomies2-17MarketEconomyInamarketeconomyallproductiveactivitiesareprivatelyownedandproductionisdeterminedbytheinteractionofsupplyanddemandTheroleofgovernmentistoencouragefreeandfaircompetitionbetweenprivateproducers2-18CommandEconomyInacommandeconomy,thegovernmentplansthegoodsandservicesthatacountryproduces,thequantitythatisproduced,andthepricesaswhichtheyaresoldAllbusinessesarestate-owned,andgovernmentsallocateresourcesfor“thegoodofsociety”However,becausethereislittleincentivetocontrolcostsandbeefficient,commandeconomiestendtostagnate2-19MixedEconomyInamixedeconomy,certainsectorsoftheeconomyarelefttoprivateownershipandfreemarketmechanismswhileothersectorshavesignificantstateownershipandgovernmentplanningGovernmentstendtoownfirmsthatareconsideredimportanttonationalsecurity2-20ClassroomPerformanceSystemInwhichtypeofeconomicsystemareallproductiveactivitiesprivatelyowned?a)amixedeconomyb)acommandeconomyc)arepresentativeec