Page1Marxisttheories1107402006刘微1107402007尹常玉1107402008蒋婷Page2Marxisttheory:afewbasisMarxismisasetoftheories,orasystemofthoughtandanalysis,developedbyKarlMarxinthe19thcenturyinresponsetothewesternindustrialdevelopmentrevolutionandtheriseofindustrialcapitalismasthepredominanteconomicmode.Page3Itisnottheconsciousnessofmenthat,determinestheirbeing,but,onthecontrary,theirsocialbeingthatdeterminestheirconsciousness.这不是人的意识决定了他们的存在,恰恰相反,是社会存在决定了他们的意识。Thephilosophershaveonlyinterpretedtheworldinvariousways;thatpointistochangeit.哲学家们只是用不同的方式阐述世界,而问题的关键在于改变世界。Page4Bothstatementswereintentionallyprovocative.Bycontradictingwidelyaccepteddoctrines,Marxwastryingtoputpeople’sthoughtintoreversegear.First,philosophyhasbeenmerelyairycontemplation;itistimethatitengagedwiththerealworld.Secondly,HegelandhisfollowersinGermanphilosophyhavepersuadedusthattheworldisgovernedbythought,thattheprocessofhistoryisthegradualdialecticalenfoldingofthelawsofReason,andthatmaterialexistenceistheexpressionofanimmaterialspiritualessence.马克思颠倒了黑格尔的表达,提出所有意识形态体系都是现实社会和经济的产物。Page5BaseandsuperstructureTheseedsoftherevolutionaryunderstandingareplantedinafamouspassageinMarxandAngel’sTheGermanIdeology《德意志意识与形态》.theproductionofideas,conceptsandconsciousnessisfirstofalldirectlyinterwovenwiththematerialintercourseof,man,thelanguageofreallife.Conceiving,thinking,thespiritualintercourseofmen,appearhereasthemensay,imagine,conceive,norfrommenasdescribed,thoughtof,imaged,conceived,Inordertoarriveatcorporealman;ratherweproceedfromthereallyactivemen...Consciousnessdoesnotdeterminelife:lifedeterminesconsciousnessPage6SovietSocialistRealism苏维埃社会主义现实主义社会主义现实主义是文学艺术的创作方法之一。社会主义现实主义,作为苏联文学与苏联文学批评的基本方法,要求艺术家从现实的革命发展中真实地、历史具体地去描写现实;同时,艺术描写的真实性和历史具体性必须与用社会主义精神从思想上改造和教育劳动人民的任务结合起来。社会主义现实主义保证艺术创作有特殊的可能性去发挥创造的主动性,去选择各种各样的形式、风格和体裁。虽然社会主义现实主义创作方法是30年代确立的,但它的基本特点则是在理论上确立之前,就已经在一些作家的创作实践中形成。它是历史地形成的,具有深刻的社会历史内容。用高尔基的话说,它的出现是因为“已经有了革命的社会主义创造的事实”。社会主义现实主义文学一般认为形成于20世纪初,即俄国1905年革命之后,是从高尔基的《母亲》和《敌人》的创作开始的。Page7LukacsandBrechtGeorgeLukacs(乔治.卢卡奇)(Hungarianthinker)wasperhapsthefirstWesternMarxist,butwhatdistinguisheshimwasnotsomuchofhistheorizationofMarxistliterarycriticismashislifelongidentificationwiththeclassicalMarxism.Hedenounced,forinstance,asreductionisticandmechanisticthe“vulgar”Marxistversionofcriticismwherebythefeaturesofaculturaltextwerestrictlydeterminedbyorinterpretedintermsoftheeconomicandsocialconditionsofitsproductionandbytheclassstatusofitsauthor.However,heinsisted,morethananybodyelse,onthetraditionalreflectionisttheory,evenwhenthistheorywasundersevereattackfromtheformalistsinthe1950s.Heproposesthateachgreatworkofliteraturecreates“itsownworld”,whichisuniqueanddistinctivefrom“everydayreality”.ButmasterrealistslikeBalzacandTolstoysucceed---often“inopposition”totheauthor’sownconsciousideology---inproducingafictionalworldwhichisa“reflectionoflifeinthegreatconcretenessandclarityandwithallitsmotivatingcontradictions”byrepresentingthegreatestpossiblerichnessoftheobjectiveconditionsoflife,andbycreating“typical”characterswhomanifesttoanextremetheessentialtendenciesanddeterminantsoftheirepoch.Thatis,thefictionalworldofsuchwritersaccordswiththeMarxistconceptionoftherealworldasconstitutedbyclassconflict,economicandsocialcontradictions,andthealienationoftheindividualundercapitalism.Page8卢卡奇憎恶表现主义(二十世纪初叶西方反传统的一种现代主义文学艺术流派,认为主观是唯一真实的,轻视客观的写实,强调“表现的现实”,亦既艺术家自己)和现代派艺术,偏好十九世纪现实主义小说的美学立场.他提出每一部伟大的文学作品都创造了一个独特无二的“它自己的世界”,而且同日常生活区别开来.现实主义小说的大师诸如巴尔扎克和托尔斯泰,通过典型人物的塑造最大程度上反映生活,展示出时代精神的根本趋势,经常是站到了作者自己意识形态的反面.反之,现代派的先锋艺术家们则无一例外是表现晚期资本主义分崩离析世界中被异化个体的主体性,故而是颓废的艺术.他的这一观点引发了关于表现主义和现代派作家的政治立场的著名论争.Page9BertoltBrecht(1898-1956)布莱西特InBrecht’scriticaltheory,andhisowndramaticwritings,herejectsthe“Aristotelian”conceptthatatragicplayisanimitationofrealitywithaunifiedplotandauniversalthemewhichestablishesanidentificationwithoftheaudiencewiththeheroandproducesacathasisofthespectator’semotions.ForBrecht,thebusinessofthedramatististoshockhisaudienceintoawarenessofsocialinjustice.Thiscannotbedonebydevisingshapelyplotsandinvolvingtheaudience’semotionswiththoseofthecharactersinaninevitablemovementtowardscatastrophe.Brechtappliedaprincipleof“alienation”wherebytheaudience,insteadofbeinglulledintoempathywiththecharacters,areremindedthattheyarebutwatchingactors.Thustechnicaldevicesareemployedto“distance”theactionfromthespectatorsandenablethemtopassjudgmentwithsomedetachmentoncorruptionsportrayed.Thatis,theresultofsuchalienationwillbetojaraudiencesoutoftheirpassiveacceptanceofmoderncapitalistsocietyasanaturalwayoflife,intoanattitudenotonlyofcriticalunderstandingofcapitalistshortcomings,butofactiveengagementwiththeforcesofchange.Page10布莱西特的戏剧理论与亚悲剧理论背道而驰。亚强调悲剧情节的普遍性和统一性,观众移情认同剧中角色,以达到情感净化。布则提出打破情节连贯、平铺直叙的做法,要求戏剧家避免让观众把自己等同于剧中人物而陷入被动接受状态。他提倡的间离效果就是使演员在观众面前变得既似曾相识又很陌生,从而引发观众对戏剧中的社会现实进行批判性思考。他在戏剧中大胆引入和使用了蒙太奇、报道手法和间离效果等现代主义实验技巧,他认为卢卡奇独尊某一具体文学形式,并把它当作唯一真正的现实主义模式,难免有落入形式主义的危险。他反倒主张作家应当采取一切可资利用的形式技巧来描写现实。Page11TheFrankfurtSchool(法兰克福学派)CloselyalliedtoLukácsandreflectiontheory,anothergroupoftheoristsemergedin