语言学简明教程Chapter 1

1GeneralLinguisticsSchoolofForeignLanguagesbyMaoYanwen2Targetsofthiscourse:4.Tobeaqualifiedteacherofalanguage3.Todoresearch2.Tocontributetothedevelopmentofhumanlanguages1.Toknowmoreaboutlanguage5.Tolearnalanguagebetter(forexampleEnglish)6.Totaketheentranceexamtobeapostgraduateofalanguage7.TogethighermarksforTEM8Whydoweneedtostudylinguistics?8.…3Questions1.Whatisthebookabout?2.Whydowestudylinguistics?3.Whatcanwedowithlinguistics?4Chapter1LanguageandLinguistics1.1IntroductionofLinguistics1.2Whatislanguage?1.3Propertiesoflanguage1.4BodyLanguagesandOther‘Languages’1.5FunctionsofLanguage1.6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics(FAQ)exercises5Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.Linguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety,butthelanguageofallhumansocieties,languageingeneral.Linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesareconstructedandoperateasasystemofcommunicationinthesocietiesinwhichtheyareused.WhatisLinguistics?Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.1.1IntroductionofLinguistics6ScopeofLinguistics1.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):2.Macrolinguistics(ApplicationofLinguistics)3.OtherclassificationsoflinguisticsNext71.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):①Phonetics(语音学)②Phonology(音系学)③Morphology(形态学/词形学)④Syntax(句法学)⑤Semantics(语义学)⑥Pragmatics(语用学)Theaboveaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.8①Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）②Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）③Corpuslinguistics（语料库语言学）④Computationallinguistics（计算语言学)⑤Stylisticlinguistics（stylistics)(文体学/语体学）⑥Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学）⑦……2.Macrolinguistics(ApplicationofLinguistics)93.OtherClassificationsofLinguistics①Functionallinguistics(功能语言学）②Structurallinguistics（结构语言学）③Chomskyanlinguistics（乔姆斯基语言学）④Hallidayanlinguistics（韩礼德语言学）⑤……10Ancient(Plato),wordorigins&wordclass15thcentury,universalgrammar18thcentury,thesimilaritiesofsomelanguages19thcentury,historicalstudyofdifferentlanguagesHistoryofLinguisticsI.Pre-scientificStudy11II.ScientificStudyStructurestudyoflanguage(in1916)DeSaussure,theforefatherofmodernlinguisticsStructuralism(30yearslater)AmericanlinguistBloomfield,theextremeofDeSaussureFunctionallinguisticsEngland,HallidayT-GGrammarAmerican,Chomsky121.2Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.system---elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.arbitrary---thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenasignanditsmeaning.vocal---theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.13symbols---wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.human-specific---humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)14TimeforBreak151)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality（双重性）3)Productivity（创造性）4)Culturaltransmission（文化传递性）1.3Propertiesoflanguage语言的结构特征(Designfeatures)nextback161.Arbitrariness----theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention..E.g.“house”uchi(Japanese)Mansion(French)房子(Chinese)conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.172.Duality----languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels,andeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Primarylevel----wordswhicharemeaningfulSecondarylevel----soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.Thisisthemosteconomicalfeatureoflanguage.183.Productivity(creativity)---languageisresourceful.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.194.CulturaltransmissionLanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.15420Review:1.Whatislinguistics?2.Whatislanguage?3.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?(orpropertiesoflanguage)4.Intheory,howcanlinguisticsbeclassified?5.Whoistheforefatherofmodernlinguistics?6.WhatisHallidayfamousfor?7.WhatisChomskyfamousfor?21Examples:Brisk,erectwalkHandtocheekTappingordrummingfingersTiltedheadBitingnails1.4BodyLanguagesandOther“Languages”Qs:1）Whatisbodylanguage?Canyounamesomekindofbodylanguage?2）Isitlanguage?Whyorwhynot?ConfidencethinkingImpatienceInterestInsecurity,nervousness22AccordingtoHalliday(2003),therearethreebroadfunctionsoflanguage:①Ideationalfunction（概念功能）②Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）③Textualfunction（语篇功能）1.5FunctionsofLanguage231.6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics(FAQ)(1)Descriptionvs.Prescription(2)Synchronicvs.Diachronic(3)Speechvs.Writing(4)Languevs.Parole(bySaussure)(5)Competencevs.Performance(byChomsky)(6)Modernlinguisticsvs.Traditionalgrammar24Descriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.←25Synchron