专题八定语从句一、概念在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。Theoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.其中所饰名词即theoldman称为先行词,引导定语从句并在其中充当句子一个成分的词称为关系词(如上句中的who/whom/that)。关系词的用法与选择须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。下面分类讲解它们的用法。二、用法定语从句常用引导词有:that,which,who,whose,as,where,when,why。1.that指人或物,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略)IlikethebooksthatwerewrittenbyLuXun.Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisourmonitor.2.which指物,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?3.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略)ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisMrBrown.HeisthemanwhoIwanttoworkwith.4.whose指人或物,作定语,表示“……的”,可转换为“of+关系代词”。MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.Isawsometreeswhoseleaveswereblack.5.注意that和which的区别(1)先行词为不定代词everything,little,much,all,anything,nothing,something,no,some,any,few,one等时,关系代词只能用that。Wearewillingtodoanythingthatisgoodtothepeople.(2)先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,用that。Thisisthebestbook(that)I'veeverread.(3)先行词被序数词或者theonly(唯一的),thevery(正是那个),thelast修饰时,用that。ThefirstbookthatIreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.(4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时,定语从句的关系代词只能用that。Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.(5)以疑问词(who,which,what)开头的疑问句,为避免重复,用that。Whichisthebookthatyouborrowedfromthelibrary?(6)关系代词放在介词之后,指物时只能用which,不能用that。Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.(7)非限制性定语从句中,指代物或一种情况时,用which,不能用that。Thisisthebook,whichiswrittenbyLuXun.Thebabywasill,whichmadethemotherveryworried.6.关系副词when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词,在定语从句中充当时间状语。Nextmonth,whenyou'llspendyoursummerholidaysinyourhometown,isapproaching.7.关系副词where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语。SheisgoingtoliveinMacao,whereshehassomeclosefriends.8.关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason,在定语从句中充当原因状语。Hedidn'ttellmethereasonwhyhewassoupset.高考预测——限制性定语从句(介词+which/whom)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句中较复杂的一种,是我们学习定语从句的重点,也是高考的常考点。这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which和whom。先行词是物时,用介词+which;是人时,用介词+whom。介词后面的关系代词不能省略。1.注意介词的选取:(1)根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。Icalledhimbythewrongname,forwhichIshouldapologize.Whoisthemanwithwhomyoujustshookhands?(2)根据定语从句意思的需要,不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?(3)根据意思也可用复杂介词,如:bymeansof,asaresultof,infrontof,inthebackof,allof,mostof,noneof,thetallerof等。Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.Therearefortystudentsintheclassroom,allofwhomareworkinghardatadifficultprobleminmathematics.2.注意代词的选取:在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,如果关系代词指代事物就用which;如果指代人则用whom。Thisisthereasonforwhichhewasputinprison.Tomhasthreebrothers,oneofwhomisasinger.3.注意关系代词的可替换性:某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when、where和why互换。ThisisthefactoryinwhichIonceworked.(inwhich可where替换)Ihaveforgottentheexactdateonwhichthiscountrybecameindependent.(onwhich可when替换)4.注意“介词+where”引导的定语从句:有时我们可以见到“介词+where”引导的定语从句,此时要和“介词+which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。Hisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindow,fromwherehesawnothingbuttrees.Theystoodonthetopofthebuilding,fromwheretheycouldseethewholecity.5.“复合介词短语+关系代词which/whom”引导的定语从句作地点状语,表示存在关系,定语从句主谓常需倒装。Theyarrivedatasmallhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.6.名词+ofwhich,或者ofwhich+名词,代替whose+名词,在定语从句中作定语。RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,thepriceofwhich(=whoseprice)wasveryreasonable.7.介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)+名词。该结构中,只能用关系代词which,不能用whom。which单独起形容词作用,修饰它后面的名词。Hemightbeill,inwhichcasewecannotwaitforhim.Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.高考真题探究(2006—2011年)【2011全国卷I)31】Theprizewillgotothewriter________storyshowsthemostimagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what【答案】C【考点】考查定语从句。【解析】本题主句中的先行词writer和从句中的主语story有所属关系,译为作者的故事,因此选C。句子的意思是:我们的奖金会留给故事情节最富有想象力的作者。【2011全国卷II)7】TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,______isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which【答案】D【考点】考查定语从句。【解析】分析句子结构可知,该句为定语从句,首先排除A和C;根据空前的逗号可知,该句为非限制性定语扶句,排除B。该从句应用which引导,which在从句中作主语,代指前丽的整个句子。【2011北京卷)26】MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,_________,ofcourse,makealltheothersupset.A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that【答案】B【考点】考查非限定性定语从句。【解析】逗号后的非限定性定语从句中缺少主语,which引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句部分的内容。选择which。【2011上海卷)39】You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation____youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.as【答案】A【考点】考查定语从句。【解析】先行词为thebusstation,从句中谓语动词hire后差宾语,故用关系代词which。【2011山东卷)32】Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_____arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.theyB.whereC.whatD.that【答案】D【考点】此题考察定语从句的引导词。【解析】关系代词that代替先行词smallhouses,在从句中作主语。句意为:这座古老的城镇街道狭窄,小房子挨得很近。【2011江西卷)34】Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction_____hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhich【答案】C【考点】考察定语从句【解析】先行词为museum,在从句中充当定语,博物馆的建造工程花费了超过三年的时间。介词用of。选C。【2011江苏卷)24】Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,_______theaudiencecanbuyice-cream.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which【答案】A【考点】考查定语从句。【解析】句意:音乐会的两大构成部分中间有幕间休息时间,在这段时间里观众可以去买冰激凌。When引导的定语从句修饰aninterval,when在从句中作时间状语。首先解析句子结构,判断从句类型,题干说“在音乐会中间有间歇,此时你可以买冰激凌。”题干的前半部分完整无缺,后半部分补充说明这个间歇你可以干的事,所以这是一个非限定性定语从句,先行词为interval,非限定性定语从句的功能就是对先行词进行补充说明。由于从句部分不缺少主干成分,而且interval表时间,所以正确答案为A.【2011安徽卷)28】Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,_____itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.while【答案