语言学 distinctive features

ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics•DescriptiveVSPrescriptive•SynchronicVsDiachronic•LangueVsParole•CompetenceVsperformance•EticVsEmicDescriptiveLinguistics(描述语言学)---theworkofanalyzinganddescribinghowlanguageisactuallyspokennowPrescriptiveLinguistics(规定语言学)---anaccountofhowalanguageshouldbeusedinsteadofhowitisactuallyusedDescriptiveLinguisticsVSPrescriptiveLinguistics•Whodoesshespeakto?•Whomdoesshespeakto?•ModernlinguisticsismoredescriptivePrescriptiveGrammarcharacterizedbyaconcernfor“good”“proper”“correct”usage.describinglanguageaswewouldliketobe,ratherthanwefindthem.•Prepositionstranding(介词悬空)eg:whatareyoutalkingabout?thechairwassaton.•Splitinfinitive(分离不定式)eg：shedecidedtograduallygetridoftheteddybearsshehadcollected.Descriptivegrammarexplainingthefactsoflanguageusenoassumptionofcorrectnessorappropriateness.acceptingalternativeforms“Ithinksensibleprescriptionoughttobepartofanyeducation”---proposedbyNoomChomskySynchronicVsDiachronic•Synchroniclinguistics---descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime•Diachroniclinguistics---descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)---acontributionmadebySaussure演化语言学Evolutionarylinguistics静态语言学StaticlinguisticsSynchroniclinguisticsDiachroniclinguisticsLangueVsParoleLangue---所有（语言使用）使用个体头脑中存储的词语——形象之总和---theabstractsystematicprinciplesofalanguageParole---某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语---individuallanguageuseCharacteristicsLangue---abstractfixedsocialParole---concretedynamicvaryingfrompersontopersonorsituationtosituationCompetenceVsperformance•Competence---alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules•Performance---theactualuseoflanguageinconcreteuse---discussedbyChomskyinhisaspectsofthetheoryofsyntaxEticvsEmic•FirstusedbyAmericanlinguistK.LPikein1954•Derivedfromthelinguisticterms“phonetic”and“phonemic”•Eticperspective---theexternalresearchers’interpretationofthesamecustomandbeliefs.局外人的研究者对相同习俗和信仰的解释说明•Emicperspective---theinsider'sornative'sinterpretationofhisorhercustoms/beliefs.局内人的”或者“本族人的”对其习俗、信仰的解释或说明•Phonetics---thestudyofhowspeechsoundareproduced,transmitted,perceived•Phoneme---thesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning