语言学 Suprasegmentals

语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序,它们的组合呈线形的,称线性组合。据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位,各占一定的时间段落,所以也称音段。语流中最小的音段是音位,因此音位也称音段音位(segmentalphonemes),即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants)。但是在实际语流中,语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时,往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合,因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征。TheSyllableStructuremonosyllable:withonesyllable,likecatanddogPolysyllable:withmorethanonesyllable,liketransplantorfestivalAsyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeakUsually,avowelplaysthepartofanucleusSometimes,aconsonantplaysthepartofanucleusTable['teibl]/tei//bl/[m,n]bottom['bɔtm]cotton['kɔtn]Syllable(cracked)O(nset)（音首）R(hyme)（音韵）N(ucleus)（韵核）Co(da)（韵尾）kræktSyllablicstructureAsyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanopensyllableAsyllablewithcodaisaclosedsyllableOpensyllableandclosedsyllableInEnglish,theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants.aim[eim]spread[spred]sixths[siksθs]English(((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C)Chinese(C)v(C)**Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Intranscription,araisedverticalline(')isoftenusedbeforethesyllableitrelatesto.stressedsyllablesvsunstressedsyllablesAtthewordlevelAtthesentencelevelAtthewordlevel,itonlyappliestothewordswithatleasttwosyllables.Stessisplacedonadifferentsyllableforthedifferentgrammaticalfunctionofawordplays.Eg.Insultv.[ɪnˈsʌlt]n.[ˈɪnsʌlt]Forlongwords,thereareoftentwostressedsyllables–primarystressedandsecondarystressedsyllables.eg.communication[kə,mju:ni'keiʃən]epiphenomenal[,epifə'nɔminəl]*Ingeneralsituation,notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsareunstressed.eg.Iwasthinkingofyouallthetime.Inprinciple,stressmayfallonanywordoranysyllabletoexpressemphasis,surpriseect.eg.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.***Intonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepattern,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.Typesofintonationpatterns:rising,fallingandfalling-rising*Therisingtoneattheendisoftenusedforaskingyes-noquestionsandshowingpolitenessorsurprise.Thefallingtonesometimesleadstorudenessandabruptness.e.g.Areyousure?Excuseme?Ididn’tdoit.Whatareyoureading?（特殊疑问句）Handsup,please.（祈使句）Doyouwantacupofcoffeeortea?（选择疑问句）*e.g.*Sheisbeautiful.*--isn’thernameMary?--No,Jenny.**Chineseisakindoftonelanguage*InChinesetonechangesareusedinadifferentway,affectingthemeaningsofindividualwords.*e.g.*ying同音异形字