语言学2017 知识点总结

Unit1一：.Importantdistinctioninlinguistics1:prescriptiveanddescriptive(规范性和描述性）Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(beinoractually)Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(shouldbe)2:synchronicanddiachronic(共识的和历时的）synchronicisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.diachronicisthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime.3.speechandwritingModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.4.langueandparole(语言和言语）Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.5.Competenceandperformance（语言的能力和表现）competenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage;performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.6.traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics(传统语法和现代语言学）二.Designfeaturesoflanguagearbitrariness(任意性）：itmeansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.productivity（生产性）:languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.duality（双重性）：languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructureoflevels.displacement(替代性）：languagecanbeusedtoreferstocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.culturaltransmission（文化传递):itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning.Unit2（重点）一：thespeechorganslips,teeth,teethridge,hardpalate,softpalate,uvula,tipoftongue,bladeoftongue,backoftongue(mostflexible),vocalcords,pharyngealcavity,nasalcavity二.phone，phonemeandallophone（音素，音位和音位变体）Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Phonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue,anditisaabstractunit.抽象的概念Allophonesisdifferentphonesrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.三.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair(音位的对立，互补的分布，最小对位）Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,theydonotdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.3.Morphology形态学Morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriersinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.Morph:whenpeoplewishtodistinguishthesoundofamorphemefromtheentiremorpheme,theymayusethetermmorphFreemorpheme:可单独存在有实际意义boy/readBoundmorpheme:必须与其他连用-s.-erDerivationalmorpheme:改变词意[n→adj]Inflectionalmorpheme:不改变词性[改变时态-ed]Compounds合成词3.Syntax句法Phrasestructurerule:NP,VP,AP[adjectivephrase],PP[prepositionalphrase]XPrule:XP→(specifier)X(complement)XrepresenttheheadN,V,A,PandPrepresentcomplementPhraseelements:a.Specifiers--determiner,qualifier,degreewordsb.Complements--provideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.c.Modifiers修饰语5.Semantics语义学→meaningThenamingtheory命名论(proposedbyGreekscholarPlato):thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,butthistheoryseemsapplicabletonounsonlyandabstractnotion,suchasjoyandimpulse,cannotbenamed.Theconceptualistview概念论:linkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemindandcannametheabstractnotionsemantictriangle/triangleofsignificance语意三角(suggestedbyOgdenandRichards)Contextualism语境(J.R.Firth):meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context--elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Behaviorism行为主义(byBloomfield):situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Lexicalmeaning(词汇意义):a.Senseandreference[sense意义:isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized可以脱离语境./reference所指:meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience客观事实存在)b.majorsenserelations:①synonymy近义词[dialectalsynonyms方言同义词--usedindifferentregionaldialectse.g.BritishEnglish(autumn)&AmericanEnglish(fall)//stylisticsynonyms语言的文体同义词，正式程度不同--differinginstylee.g.dad,father//synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning情感态度不同e.g.collaborator,accomplice//collocationalsynonyms搭配不同e.g.accuse,accuse..of//semanticallydifferentsynonyms语义不同e.g.amaze,astound]②polysemy多义词:havemorethanonemeaning③homonymy同音异义词Referent(theobjectintheworldofexperience)Symbol/form(linguisticelements-words/phrases)Thought/reference(people’sbrainconcept)④hyponymy下义词e.g.superordinate上义--generalmeaning(animal)//hyponyms下义--specificwords(dog,cat)⑤antonymy反义词[gradableantonyms等级反义词e.g.middle-aged,elderly//complementaryantonyms互补反义词e.g.male,female//relationalopposites关系反义词e.g.patient,doctor]句与句之间的关系:synonymous同义/inconsistent自相矛盾/entailsorentailment上下义，一个句子意思包含另一个句子/presupposesorprerequisite预设前途/contradiction一句话前后自相矛盾/semanticallyanomalous语义异常Analysisofmeaning:a.componentialanalysis成分分析[awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning]:thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents