定语从句高考题

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高三定语从句考点归纳福建省泉州市泉港区泉港二中王正勋定语从句又称为形容词性从句,引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词:who,whom,that,which,as,whose等和关系副词when,where,why等,关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语,表语,定语等;关系副词则在从句中充当状语。定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,关键是看有无逗号把先行词与定语从句分开。若有,是非限定性定语从句,此时关系词不能省略;若无,则是限定性定语从句。综观历年高考试题,我们可以发现该语法项目是测试中的热点与难点。为了便于同学们复习该语法点时有所侧重,本文拟就其考点作以归纳。一、考查几组关系词异同1.考查先行词是物时,关系代词which,that充当主语或宾语异同:在限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语关系代词which,that一般可以互换,关系代词作宾语时还可以省略。(1)which用于下列情况:(I)如果引导的是非限定性定语从句;(II)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前;(III)先行词本身是that等。(2)that用于下列情况:(I)先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much等不定代词;(II)先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰;(III)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词;(IV)先行词被theonly,thevery(正是、恰是),thelast修饰;(V)先行词中既有人也有物;(VI)在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句等。另外需要注意:先行词是theway,并在定语从句充当状语时,关系代词用that或省略,若用which,其前加介词in。[典型考题]①(09江西)ThehouseIgrewup________hasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.A.initB.inC.inthatD.inwhich②(07年浙江)Chan’srestaurantonBakerStreet,______usedtobepoorlyrun,isnowasuccessfulbusiness.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.where③(04湖北)Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut______hesaidit.A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich④(10全国Ⅱ)Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething________wassomeoneelse’sfault.A.whoB.thatC.asD.what解析:①B。该题考查的是定语从句中关系代词前的介词位于谓语动词之后,关系代词可以省略,定语从句补充完整为:(which/that)Igrewupin,修饰先行词thehouse。若选择D项,应该用inwhichIgrewup②B。先行词Chan’srestaurant在非限制性定语从句充当usedtobepoorlyrun的主语,故用which。③A。在not…but…结构中,前后应一致,因but之前是名词性从句,故其后也应该是名词性从句或与之相对的名词等,又因theway在该定语从句充当方式状语,所以关系词用that,inwhich或省略,故选theway。④B。不定代词something在定语从句作主语,用that引导。2.考查先行词是人,关系代词who,whom,that充当主语或宾语异同:在限定性定语从句中充当主语一般用who,that;充当宾语时三者可以互换或关系代词还可以省略。下列情况用who或whom:(I)在非限定性定语从句中,先行词是人,并在从句中充当主语,关系代词用who,充当宾语,用whom或who(口语中),(II)先行词是人,介词后的宾语,只能用whom等。[典型考题]①(06北京)Women_____drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose______don’t.A.who;不填B.不填;whoC.who;whoD.不填;不填②(10浙江)Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyoflefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.A.whomB.whichC.themD.those解析:①C。两处都是考查定语从句,并且都是关系代词充当主语,第一个空格前的women是其后的定语从句的先行词,并在从句中充当主语,第二个空格前的those指代的是women,是其后的定语从句的先行词,并在从句中充当主语,故前后两空都用who。②A。在非限定性定语从句中表示人的先行词“1,000people”充当介词of的宾语,故用whom。3.先行词是人时,关系代词which与who/whom在定语从句的区别:关系代词which引导定语从句,并在从句中作表语或补足语时,其先行词可以是表示人的职业、身份、性格、才能等,但这里的人不是指具体的人;而who在定语从句中作主语、宾语(口语),whom在定语从句中只作宾语,who或whom代的先行词是具体的人的名词或代词。[典型考题]①(05湖北)Hersisterhasbecomealawyer,______shewantedtobe.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which②(07北京)Weshouldn’tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostof_____arehealthy.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whom解析:①D。此处的lawyer从表面看指的是人,但实际上是人的职业,并在非限制性定语从句充当be动词的表语。故用which。②D。先行词people在非限制性定语从句充当介词of的宾语,故用whom。4.关系代词whose与which在定语从句作定语的区别:在“(介词)+关系代词+名词”中,关系代词作定语,一般多用whose(即指人,也指物);但若名词是case,point,reason,fact,situation,time等抽象名词用来总结整个主句的情况或句子的部分内容时,作定语的关系代词用which,结构常见于“介词+关系代词+名词”。另外需要注意:物作定语时,whose+名词=the+名词+of+which或of+which+the+名词。[典型考题]①(05重庆)MarkwasastudentatthisUniversityfrom1999to2003,hestudiedveryhardandwasmadechairmanofthestudents’Union.A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythattime②(10山东)That’sthenewmachine______partsaretoosmalltobeseen.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.What③(08陕西)Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.thehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.thehandsofwhich解析:①A。此题考查在定语从句中duringwhichtime表示“在1999至2003期间”。②C。空格处所选的词应该是引导定语从句并且在从句中作parts的定语,所以使用whose。whoseparts=thepartsofwhich或ofwhichtheparts。③D。先行词watch与定语从句中thehands构成从属关系,故结构为:thehandsofwhich或ofwhichthehands或whosehands。5.考查关系代词which与as引导非限定性定语从句的异同。两者都可并指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,在从句中做主语、宾语等,位于主句之后。(1)下列情况多用which:(I)在非限制性定语从句作主语时谓语动词是连系动词之外的行为动词;(II)非限制性定语从句用以对主句的意义进行补充,前后不一致,出乎意料的;(III)非限定性定语从句的关系代词紧跟在介词后面充当介词的宾语等。(2)下列情况用as:(I)在主句之前或插入主句之中用as;(II)表“如同……那样,按照,正如”含义,这里的as主要起与上下文联系的作用,表达说话人的看法,并指出内容、出处和根据等,常用的结构有asweknow(众所周知),asoftenhappens(正如常发生的那样),asisoftenthecase(情况常常如此),asis+announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported(正如所……)等。[典型考题]①(10四川)Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,turnedouttobeawisedecision.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where②(06江苏)Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,_______meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which③(04江苏)______isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As④(00北京春招)Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,______wehadn'texpected.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what解析:①B。此处应为which引导的非限制性定语从句,which代替前面整个句子。②D。从句中的谓语动词meant是非连系动词的行为动词,故用which。③D。关系代词在非限制性定语从句指代后面一个句子,且在此从句中充当主语,故用As。④C。关系代词在非限制性定语从句指代前面一个句子,并在从句充当宾语,由从句可知,前面一件事是出人意料,并作expected的宾语,故用which。6.考查关系代词与关系副词where,when,why的区别及关系副词相互之间的区别:(1)可以用关系副词where代替inwhich/onwhich/towhich等表示地点的状语,常见表地点的名词既有“具体”的(如:place,school,family等)也有“抽象”的(如:point,situation,career,activity,job,stage,scene等)。(2)可以用关系副词when代替onwhich/inwhich/atwhich/duringwhich等表示时间的状语,常见表时间的名词既有“具体”的(如:days,time等)也有“抽象”的(如:stay,occasion等)。(3)可以用关系副词why代替forwhich表示原因的状语(非限定性定语从句常用forwhich),此时其先行词常是reason。但需要注意的是:若表示时间、地点或原因的先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语时,只能用关系代词which,that或关系代词的省略形式(作宾语)。[典型考题]①(10福建)StephenHawkingbelievesthatearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanetlifehasdevelopedgradually.A.tha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