第六单元Quality and safety in construction

Unit6qualityandsafetyinconstruction质量和安全施工Part1Concerningforqualityandsafety关于质量和施工安全Qualitycontrolandsafetyrepresentincreasinglyimportantconcernsforprojectmanagers.Defectsorfailuresinconstructedfacilitiescanresultinverylargecosts.Evenwithminordefects,re-constructionmayberequiredandfacilityoperationsImpaired.Increasedcostsanddelaysaretheresult.Intheworstcase,failuresmaycausepersonalinjuriesorfatalities.Accidentsduringtheconstructionprocesscansimilarlyresultinpersonalinjuriesandlargecosts.Indirectcostsofinsurance,inspectionandregulationareincreasingrapidlyduetotheseincreaseddirectcosts.Goodprojectmanagerstrytoensurethatthejobisdonerightthefirsttimeandthatnomajoraccidentsoccurontheproject.对于项目经理而言质量控制和安全的关注日益重要。缺陷或失败的人工设施可以导致非常大的成本付出。即使有轻微的缺陷，重建可能使得设施业务受损。增加费用和延误工期。在最坏的情况下，故障可能导致人身伤害或死亡事故。在施工过程中同样可以造成人身伤害和大量费用支出。间接费用保险，检查和管理迅速增加，由于这些增加的直接费用。一个好的项目经理，应该努力确保工作第一时间完成任务同时没有重大事故发生。Aswithcostcontrol,themostimportantdecisionsregardingthequalityofacompletedfacilityaremadeduringthedesignandplanningstagesratherthanduringconstruction.Itisduringthesepreliminarystagesthatcomponentconfigurations,materialspecificationsandfunctionalperformancearedecided.Qualitycontrolduringconstructionconsistslargelyofinsuringconformancetotheseoriginaldesignandplanningdecisions.由于成本控制，对已完成的施工质量在设计和规划极端已经做出最重要的决定，而不是在建设阶段。正是在这些初步的阶段，部分配置，决定于材料规格和功能性能就已经定了下来。施工过程中的质量控制主要是确保符合这些原始设计和规划决定了其重要的组成部分。Whileconformancetoexistingdesigndecisionsistheprimaryfocusofqualitycontrol,thereareexceptionstothisrule.First,unforeseencircumstances,incorrectdesigndecisionsorchangesdesiredbyanownerinthefacilityfunctionmayrequirere-evaluationofdesigndecisionsduringthecourseofconstruction.Whilethesechangesmaybemotivatedbytheconcernforquality,theyrepresentoccasionsforre-designwithalltheattendantobjectivesandconstraints.Asasecondcase,somedesignsrelyuponinformedandappropriatedecisionmakingduringtheconstructionprocessitself.Forexample,sometunnelingmethodsmakedecisionsabouttheamountthetunnelingprocess.Sincesuchdecisionsarebasedonbetterinformationconcerningactualsiteconditions，thefacilitydesignmaybemorecosteffectiveasaresult.虽然符合现有的设计决策的首要重点是质量控制，但也有例外。第一，不可预见的情况，不正确的设计决定或改变所需的业主的设施功能可能需要重新评价的设计决策过程中的施工。虽然这些变化可能是出于关心质量，他们代表多次重新设计，随之而来的所有目标和约束。作为另一种情况，有些设计依靠明智和适当的决策过程中的施工过程本身。例如，一些隧道方法作出决定的数额的隧穿过程。因为这样的决定是基于更好的资料，现场实际条件，设施的设计可能是更具成本效益的结果。Withtheattentiontoconformanceasthemeasureofqualityduringtheconstructionprocess,thespecificationofqualityrequirementsinthedesignandverifiable,sothatallpartiesintheprojectcanunderstandtherequirementsshouldbeclearandverifiable,sothatallpartiesintheprojectcanunderstandtherequirementsforconformance.与注意的一致性作为衡量质量在施工过程中，规范质量要求设计和验证，使各方在项目可以理解的要求应该是明确的、可核查的，使所有各方在项目可以理解的要求一致。Safetyduringtheconstructionprojectisalsoinfluencedinlargepartbydecisionsmadeduringtheplanninganddesignprocess.Somedesignsorconstructionplansareinherentlydifficultanddangeroustoimplement,whereasother,comparableplansmayconsiderablyreducethepossibilityofaccidents.Forexample,clearseparationoftrafficfromconstructionzonesduringroadwayrehabilitationcangreatlyreducethepossibilityofaccidentalcollisions.Beyondthesedesigndecisions,safetylargelydependsuponeducation,vigilanceandcooperationduringtheconstructionprocess.Workersshouldbeconstantlyalerttothepossibilitiesofaccidentsandavoidtakenunnecessaryrisks.安全施工项目也受到影响，在很大程度上决定了在规划和设计过程。有些设计或施工图本质上是困难和危险的实施，而其他类似的计划，可大大减少事故发生的可能性。例如，明确的分离，从施工区交通巷康复可以大大减少意外的可能性碰撞。除了这些设计决策，安全在很大程度上取决于教育，警惕和合作在施工过程中。工人们应时时警惕的可能性，事故和避免采取不必要的风险。Part2组织质量和安全OrganizingforQualityandSafetyAvarietyofdifferentorganizationsarepossibleforqualityandsafetycontrolduringconstruction.Onecommonmodelistohaveagroupresponsibleforqualityassuranceandmothergroupprimarilyresponsibleforsafetywithinanorganization.Inlargeorganizations;departmentsdedicatedtoqualityassuranceandtosafetymightassignspecificindividualstoassumeresponsibilityforthesefunctionsonparticularprojects.Forsmallerprojects,theprojectmanageroranassistantmightassumetheseandotherresponsibilities.Ineithercase,insuringsafeandqualityconstructionisaconcernoftheprojectmanagerinoverallchargeoftheprojectinadditiontotheconcernsofpersonnel,cost,timeandothermanagementissues.各种不同的组织都可能的质量控制和安全施工。一个共同的模式是有一组负责质量保证和母亲组主要负责安全的组织。在大型组织；部门致力于保证质量和安全可能会确定具体的个人承担责任，这些功能的具体项目。对于较小的项目，项目经理或助理会认为这些和其他责任。无论是哪种情况，确保安全和质量建设是一个关注的项目经理全面负责项目除了关注人员，成本，时间和其他管理问题。Inspectorsandqualityassurancepersonalwillbeinvolvedinaprojecttorepresentavarietyofdifferentorganizations.Eachofthepartiesdirectlyconcernedwiththeprojectmayhavetheirownqualityandsafetyinspectors,includingtheowner，theengineer/architect，andthevariousconstructorfirms.Theseinspectorsmaybecontractorsfromspecializedqualityassuranceorganization.Inadditiontoon-siteinspections,samplesofmaterialswillcommonlybetestedbyspecializedlaboratoriestoinsurecompliance.Inspectorstoinsurecompliancewithregulatoryrequirementswillalsobeinvolved.Commonexamplesareinspectorsforthelocalgovernment`sbuildingdepartment，forenvironmentalagencies，andforoccupationalhealthandsafetyagencies.检验和质量保证个人将参与一个项目代表了各种不同的组织