Measure-06-SPC-1-V3_B六西格玛

Module2.4Monitoring2YouAreHereQualityControl&ProcessChangeManagementStandardizeandDocumentEffectiveMethodsEstablishOngoingProjectMonitoringEvaluatingResultsHandOff,SummarizeKeyLearningsandDraftFuturePlans3GoalsMonitoryourprocessthroughongoingdatacollectionUsecontrolchartstoplotthedataandidentifysignalsofspecialcausesUsespecial-causeandcommon-causethinkingtoreducevariation通过正在进行中的数据收集监控过程。使用控制图绘制数据并确定特殊原因的信号。使用特殊原因和普通原因的思维方法来减小变化。4Sections1.VariationandIndividualsCharts2.ControlChartsforDiscreteData:p,np,c,anduCharts3.ControlChartsforHigh-VolumeProcesseswithSubgroups:X,RCharts4.Summary:UsingControlChartsControlChartsforDetectingSmallShiftsQuicklyEWMAChartsareseenintheBlackBelttrainingcourseSection1VariationandIndividualsCharts6UsesforControlChartsDetermineappropriatemanagerialactioninresponsetothevalueofadatapointfromaparticularprocess•ToseeifhighorlowpointsareduetospecialcausesUnderstandandpredictprocesscapability(expectedrangeoffuturevalues)forplanningpurposesIdentifyrootcauses(vitalfewXs)ofvariationbydifferentiatingbetweenspecialandcommoncausesofvariationinthedataSeewhetherintentionalchangesinaprocesshadthedesiredresultMonitorkeyprocessesandidentifyshiftsorchangesquicklytohelpholdthegainsmadefromanimprovementproject针对特定过程的某数据点值确定适当的管理措施。•观察高点或低点是否由特殊原因产生了解和预测过程能力（未来值的预期范围）以便计划。通过区分数据变化的特殊原因和普通原因来确定变化的根本原因（关键的几个X）。观察过程中的有意更改是否产生了期望的结果。监控关键过程并快速确定变化以帮助维持从改进项目中获取的收益。7Discussion:ControlChartsforIndividualsUseyournotebooktofollowalong.8Discussion:Answers1.Missingluggagecanbeexpectedtorangefrom0piecesadayto9.5piecesaday.2.Therearetwoindicationsofaspecialcause:8aboveaveragewhentherewasanewhire,and1outsidetheuppercontrollimitduringasnowstorm.3.UsespecialcauseactionstorespondtothedatapointfromMarch9:•Donotfundamentallychangetheusualluggagehandlingsystem•Workonwaystokeeptrackofluggageondayswhentherearedelaysandcancellationsduetoweather1.预期丢失行李件数每天在0件到9.5件之间。2.有两个特殊原因迹象：当雇佣新员工时，有8个高于平均值的点，暴风雪时有1个点在上控界限以外。3.对3月9日的数据点，使用特殊原因措施：•不从根本上改变通常的行李搬运系统。•当天气不好航班延误和取消航班时，设法跟踪行李。9Practice:ReviewTypesofVariation________Thesecausesofvariationareapartoftheprocess________Thesecausesofvariationarenotusuallypresent________Eachcausecontributesasmallpartofthetotalvariation________Theymaycomeandgosporadically;maybetemporaryorlong-term________Ifthesecausesarepresent,theprocessisunstable,orunpredictable________Ifallthevariationisduetothesecauses,theprocessisstable,orpredictable________Thistypeofvariationresultsfromsomethingspecificthathasapronouncedeffectontheprocess________Wecan’tpredictwhenthistypeofcausewilloccurorhowitwillaffecttheprocess________Bylookingataprocessovertime,weknowhowmuchvariationtoexpectfromthesecauses________这些变化原因是过程的一部分。________这些变化原因通常并不存在。________每个原因构成总变化的一小部分。________它们可能偶然地出现又消失，可能是暂时的或长期的。________如果这些原因存在，则过程是不稳定或不可预测的。________如果所有的变化是由这些原因引起的，则过程是稳定的或者是可预测的。________这种类型的变化是由对过程有显著影响的特殊原因所造成的。________我们无法预测这种类型的原因何时发生或如何影响过程。________通过查看一段时间的过程变化，我们可以预期从这些原因可产生多大的变化10Practice:ReviewSignalsofSpecialCauses1._____(#)ormorepointsinarowonthesamesideofthecenterlineindicates______________________________________________________________.2._____(#)ormorepointscontinuouslyincreasingordecreasingindicates______________________________________________________________.3._____(#)ormorepointsoutsidethecontrollimitsindicates______________________________________________________________.4._____(#)ormorepointsalternatingupanddownindicates______________________________________________________________.Note:Toofewortoomanyclustersalsosignalspecialcauses.11Common-CauseVariationDefinitionCommoncausesaretheprocessinputsandconditionsthatcontributetotheregular,everydayvariationinaprocess.CommoncausesareapartoftheprocessTheycontributetooutputvariationbecausetheythemselvesvaryEachcommoncausecontributesasmallpartofthetotalvariationBylookingataprocessovertime,weknowhowmuchvariationtoexpectfromcommoncausesTheprocessisstable,orpredictable,whenallthevariationisduetocommoncauses定义普通原因是导致过程中定时和日常变化的过程输入和条件。普通原因是过程的一部分。因为它们自身在变化，所以它们导致了输出变化。每个普通原因构成总变化的一小部分。通过观察一段时间的过程变化，我们可以预期普通原因可产生多大的变化。当所有变化是由普通原因引起时，该过程是稳定的或者是可预测的。12Common-CauseVariation,cont.DrivingtoWork:ExamplesofcommoncausevariationCommoncausesofvariationareanormalpartoftheprocess.Togethertheyadduptocreatethevariationweexpecttoencounter.Thetimeittakestodrivetowork,forexample,dependson:WhetherlightsareredorgreenAmountoftrafficPedestrianscrossingthestreetHavingtowaittomakeleftturns开车上班：普通原因变化的示例变化的普通原因是过程的一个正常部分。所有原因合并在一起就产生了我们预期遇到的变化。例如，开车上班所需时间取决于：是红灯还是绿灯。交通流量。过街道的行人。等待左转的时间。13Special-CauseVariationDefinitionSpecialcausesarefactorsthatarenotalwayspresentinaprocessbutthatappearbecauseofsomeparticularcircumstance.SpecialcausesarenotusuallypresentTheymaycomeandgosporadically;maybetemporaryorlong-termAspecialcauseissomethingspecialorspecificthathasapronouncedeffectontheprocessWecan’tpredictwhenaspecialcausewilloccurorhowitwillaffecttheprocessTheprocessisunstable,orunpredictable,whenspecialcausescontributetothevariation定义特殊原因是过程中不常存在但在特定环境下却又出现的因素。特殊原因并不